{"id":153,"date":"2017-10-16T12:28:46","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T16:28:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=153"},"modified":"2017-10-17T13:52:27","modified_gmt":"2017-10-17T17:52:27","slug":"expressing-state-of-being","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/stateofbeing","title":{"rendered":"Expressing state-of-being"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Declaring something is so and so using \u300c\u3060\u300d<\/h2>\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u4eba \u3010\u3072\u3068\u3011 &#8211; person<\/li>\n<li>\u5b66\u751f \u3010\u304c\u304f\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 &#8211; student<\/li>\n<li>\u5143\u6c17 \u3010\u3052\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3011 &#8211; healthy; lively<br \/>\n\uff0aUsed as a greeting to indicate whether one is well<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>One of the trickiest part of Japanese is that there is no verb for the state-of-being like the verb &#8220;to be&#8221; in English. You can, however, declare what something is by attaching the Hiragana character \u300c\u3060\u300d to a noun or na-adjective <strong>only<\/strong>.  (We will learn about na-adjectives in the section on adjectives later.)<\/p>\n<div class=\"sumbox\">\n<span class=\"summary\">Declaring that something is so using \u300c\u3060\u300d<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Attach \u300c\u3060\u300d to the noun or na-adjective<br \/>\nExample: <span title=\"\u3072\u3068 - person\" class=\"popup\">\u4eba<\/span>\uff0b\u3060\uff1d<span title=\"\u3072\u3068 - person\" class=\"popup\">\u4eba<\/span><em>\u3060<\/em>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><span title=\"\u3072\u3068 - person\" class=\"popup\">\u4eba<\/span><em>\u3060<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nIs person.<\/li>\n<li><span title=\"\u304c\u304f\u305b\u3044 - student\" class=\"popup\">\u5b66\u751f<\/span><em>\u3060<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nIs student.<\/li>\n<li><span title=\"\u5143\u6c17 - healthy; lively\" class=\"popup\">\u5143\u6c17<\/span><em>\u3060<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nIs well.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Seems easy enough.  Here&#8217;s the real kicker though.<\/p>\n<div class=\"note\">\n<b>A state-of-being can be implied without using \u300c\u3060\u300d!<\/b>\n<\/div>\n<p>You can say you&#8217;re doing well or someone is a student without using \u300c\u3060\u300d at all. For example, below is an example of a very typical greeting among friends. Also notice how the subject isn&#8217;t even specified when it&#8217;s obvious from the context.<\/p>\n<h3>Typical casual greeting<\/h3>\n<p>\uff21\uff1a\u5143\u6c17\uff1f<br \/>\nA: (Are you) well?<\/p>\n<p>\uff22\uff1a\u5143\u6c17\u3002<br \/>\nB: (I&#8217;m) well.<\/p>\n<p>So you may be wondering, &#8220;What&#8217;s the point of using \u300c\u3060\u300d?&#8221; Well, the main difference is that a declarative statement makes the sentence sound more emphatic and forceful in order to make it more&#8230; well declarative.  Therefore, it is more common to hear men use \u300c\u3060\u300d at the end of sentences.<\/p>\n<p>The declarative \u300c\u3060\u300d is also needed in various grammatical structures where a state-of-being must be explicitly declared. There are also times when you cannot attach it.  It&#8217;s all quite a pain in the butt really but you don&#8217;t have to worry about it yet.<\/p>\n<h2>Conjugating to the negative state-of-being<\/h2>\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5b66\u751f \u3010\u304c\u304f\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 &#8211; student<\/li>\n<li>\u53cb\u9054 \u3010\u3068\u3082\u30fb\u3060\u3061\u3011 &#8211; friend<\/li>\n<li>\u5143\u6c17 \u3010\u3052\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3011 &#8211; healthy; lively<br \/>\n\uff0aUsed as a greeting to indicate whether one is well<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In Japanese, negative and past tense are all expressed by conjugation.  We can conjugate a noun or adjective to either its negative or past tense to say that something is <i>not<\/i> [X] or that something <i>was<\/i> [X].  This may be a bit hard to grasp at first but none of these state-of-being conjugations make anything declarative like \u300c\u3060\u300d does. We&#8217;ll learn how to make these tenses declarative by attaching \u300c\u3060\u300d to the end of the sentence in a later lesson.<\/p>\n<p>First, for the negative, attach \u300c\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u300d to the noun or na-adjective.<\/p>\n<div class=\"sumbox\">\n<span class=\"summary\">Conjugation rules for the negative state-of-being<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Attach \u300c\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u300d to the noun or na-adjective<br \/>\nExample: <span title=\"\u304c\u304f\u305b\u3044 - student\" class=\"popup\">\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\uff0b\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\uff1d<span title=\"\u304c\u304f\u305b\u3044 - student\" class=\"popup\">\u5b66\u751f<\/span><em>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><span title=\"\u304c\u304f\u305b\u3044 - student\" class=\"popup\">\u5b66\u751f<\/span><em>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nIs not student.<\/li>\n<li><span title=\"\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3061 - friend\" class=\"popup\">\u53cb\u9054<\/span><em>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nIs not friend.<\/li>\n<li><span title=\"\u5143\u6c17 - healthy; lively\" class=\"popup\">\u5143\u6c17<\/span><em>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nIs not well.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Conjugating to the past state-of-being<\/h2>\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5b66\u751f \u3010\u304c\u304f\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 &#8211; student<\/li>\n<li>\u53cb\u9054 \u3010\u3068\u3082\u30fb\u3060\u3061\u3011 &#8211; friend<\/li>\n<li>\u5143\u6c17 \u3010\u3052\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3011 &#8211; healthy; lively<br \/>\n\uff0aUsed as a greeting to indicate whether one is well<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>We will now learn the past tense of the state-of-being.  To say something <i>was<\/i> something, attach \u300c\u3060\u3063\u305f\u300d to the noun or na-adjective.<\/p>\n<p>In order to say the negative past (<i>was not<\/i>), conjugate the negative to the negative past tense by dropping the \u300c\u3044\u300d from \u300c\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u300d and adding \u300c\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d.<\/p>\n<div class=\"sumbox\">\n<span class=\"summary\">Conjugation rules for the past state-of-being<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Past state-of-being:<\/b> Attach \u300c\u3060\u3063\u305f\u300d to the noun or na-adjective\n<p>Example: <span title=\"\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3061 - friend\" class=\"popup\">\u53cb\u9054<\/span>\uff0b<em>\u3060\u3063\u305f<\/em> \uff1d<span title=\"\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3061 - friend\" class=\"popup\">\u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u3060\u3063\u305f<\/li>\n<li><b>Negative past state-of-being:<\/b> Conjugate the noun or na-adjective to the negative first and then replace the \u300c\u3044\u300d of \u300c\u3058\u3083\u306a<em>\u3044<\/em>\u300d with \u300c\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300d<br \/>\nExample: <span title=\"\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3061 - friend\" class=\"popup\">\u53cb\u9054<\/span><em>\u3058\u3083\u306a<strike>\u3044<\/strike><\/em> \u2192 <span title=\"\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3061 - friend\" class=\"popup\">\u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u3058\u3083\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em>\uff1d<span title=\"\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3061 - friend\" class=\"popup\">\u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><span title=\"\u304c\u304f\u305b\u3044 - student\" class=\"popup\">\u5b66\u751f<\/span><em>\u3060\u3063\u305f<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nWas student.<\/li>\n<li><span title=\"\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3061 - student\" class=\"popup\">\u53cb\u9054<\/span><em>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nWas not friend.<\/li>\n<li><span title=\"\u5143\u6c17 - healthy; lively\" class=\"popup\">\u5143\u6c17<\/span><em>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nWas not well.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Conjugation summary<\/h2>\n<p>We&#8217;ve now learned how to express state-of-being in all four tenses.  Next we will learn some particles, which will allow us assign roles to words.  Here is a summary chart of the conjugations we learned in this section.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\">\n<caption>Summary of state-of-being<\/caption>\n<tr align=\"center\">\n<td><\/td>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Positive<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr align=\"center\">\n<th>Non-Past<\/th>\n<td><span title=\"\u304c\u304f\u305b\u3044 - student\" class=\"popup\">\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\uff08\u3060\uff09<\/td>\n<td>Is student<\/td>\n<td><span title=\"\u304c\u304f\u305b\u3044 - student\" class=\"popup\">\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>Is not student<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr align=\"center\">\n<th>Past<\/th>\n<td><span title=\"\u304c\u304f\u305b\u3044 - student\" class=\"popup\">\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u3060\u3063\u305f<\/td>\n<td>Was student<\/td>\n<td><span title=\"\u304c\u304f\u305b\u3044 - student\" class=\"popup\">\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td>\n<td>Was not student<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Declaring something is so and so using \u300c\u3060\u300d Vocabulary \u4eba \u3010\u3072\u3068\u3011 &#8211; person \u5b66\u751f \u3010\u304c\u304f\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 &#8211; student \u5143\u6c17 \u3010\u3052\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3011 &#8211; healthy; lively \uff0aUsed as a greeting to indicate whether one is well One of the trickiest part of Japanese is that there is no verb for the state-of-being like the verb &#8220;to be&#8221; in English. &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/stateofbeing\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Expressing state-of-being&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"series":[4],"class_list":["post-153","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-basic-grammar","series-grammar-guide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/153","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=153"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/153\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=153"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=153"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=153"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=153"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}