{"id":177,"date":"2017-10-16T12:48:41","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T16:48:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=177"},"modified":"2017-10-17T13:57:47","modified_gmt":"2017-10-17T17:57:47","slug":"negative-verbs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/negativeverbs","title":{"rendered":"Negative Verbs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Now that we&#8217;ve seen how to declare things and perform actions with verbs, we want to be able to say the negative. In other words, we want to say that such-and-such action was <i>not<\/i> performed. This is done by conjugating the verb to the negative form just like the state-of-being for nouns and adjectives. However, the rules are a tad more complicated.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"part2\">Conjugating verbs into the negative<\/h2>\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3042\u308b (u-verb) &#8211; to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n<li>\u3044\u308b (ru-verb) &#8211; to exist (animate)<\/li>\n<li>\u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) &#8211; to eat<\/li>\n<li>\u8cb7\u3046 \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to buy<\/li>\n<li>\u5f85\u3064 \u3010\u307e\u30fb\u3064\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to wait<\/li>\n<li>\u3059\u308b (exception) &#8211; to do<\/li>\n<li>\u6765\u308b \u3010\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (exception) &#8211; to come<\/li>\n<li>\u898b\u308b \u3010\u307f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) &#8211; to see<\/li>\n<li>\u5bdd\u308b \u3010\u306d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) &#8211; to sleep<\/li>\n<li>\u8d77\u304d\u308b \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u304d\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) &#8211; to wake; to occur<\/li>\n<li>\u8003\u3048\u308b \u3010\u304b\u3093\u304c\u30fb\u3048\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) &#8211; to think<\/li>\n<li>\u6559\u3048\u308b \u3010\u304a\u3057\u30fb\u3048\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) &#8211; to teach; to inform<\/li>\n<li>\u51fa\u308b \u3010\u3067\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) &#8211; to come out<\/li>\n<li>\u7740\u308b \u3010\u304d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) &#8211; to wear<\/li>\n<li>\u8a71\u3059 \u3010\u306f\u306a\u30fb\u3059\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to speak<\/li>\n<li>\u805e\u304f \u3010\u304d\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to ask; to listen<\/li>\n<li>\u6cf3\u3050 \u3010\u304a\u3088\u30fb\u3050\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to swim<\/li>\n<li>\u904a\u3076 \u3010\u3042\u305d\u30fb\u3076\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to play<\/li>\n<li>\u98f2\u3080 \u3010\u306e\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to drink<\/li>\n<li>\u5e30\u308b \u3010\u304b\u3048\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to go home<\/li>\n<li>\u6b7b\u306c \u3010\u3057\u30fb\u306c\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to die<\/li>\n<li>\u304a\u91d1 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u304b\u306d\u3011 &#8211; money<\/li>\n<li>\u79c1 \u3010\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3011 &#8211; me, myself, I<\/li>\n<li>\u732b \u3010\u306d\u3053\u3011 &#8211; cat<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>We will now make use of the verb classifications we learned in the last section to define the rules for conjugation. But before we get into that, we need to cover one very\timportant exception to the negative conjugation rules: \u300c<span title=\"\u3042\u308b - to exist (inanimate)\" class=\"popup\">\u3042\u308b<\/span>\u300d.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u3042\u308b (u-verb) &#8211; to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n<li>\u3044\u308b (ru-verb) &#8211; to exist (animate)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u300c<span title=\"\u3042\u308b - to exist (inanimate)\" class=\"popup\">\u3042\u308b<\/span>\u300d is an u-verb used to express existence of inanimate objects. The equivalent verb for animate objects (such as people or animals) is \u300c<span title=\"\u3044\u308b - to exist (animate)\" class=\"popup\">\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d, which is a normal ru-verb. For example, if you wanted to say that a chair is in the room, you would use the verb \u300c<span title=\"\u3042\u308b - to exist (inanimate)\" class=\"popup\">\u3042\u308b<\/span>\u300d, but if you wanted to say that a <i>person<\/i> is in the room, you must use the verb \u300c<span title=\"\u3044\u308b - to exist (animate)\" class=\"popup\">\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d instead.  These two verbs \u300c<span title=\"\u3042\u308b - to exist (inanimate)\" class=\"popup\">\u3042\u308b<\/span>\u300d and \u300c<span title=\"\u3044\u308b - to exist (animate)\" class=\"popup\">\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d are quite different from all other verbs because they describe existence and are not actual actions. You also need to be careful to choose the correct one based on animate or inanimate objects.<\/p>\n<p>Anyway, the reason I bring it up here is because the negative of \u300c<span title=\"\u3042\u308b - to exist (inanimate)\" class=\"popup\">\u3042\u308b<\/span>\u300d is \u300c<span title=\"\u3042\u308b - to exist (inanimate)\" class=\"popup\">\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u300d (meaning that something does not exist). The conjugation rules for all other verbs are listed below as well as a list of example verbs and their negative forms.<\/p>\n<p>\uff0a = exceptions particular to this conjugation<\/p>\n<div class=\"sumbox\">\n<span class=\"summary\">Conjugation rules for negative verbs<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>For ru-verbs:<\/b> Drop the \u300c\u308b\u300d and attach \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d<br \/>\nExample: \u98df\u3079<strike>\u308b<\/strike> + \u306a\u3044 = \u98df\u3079<em>\u306a\u3044<\/em><\/li>\n<li><b>\uff0aFor u-verbs that end in \u300c\u3046\u300d:<\/b> Replace \u300c\u3046\u300d with \u300c\u308f\u300d and attach \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d<br \/>\nExample: \u8cb7<strike>\u3046<\/strike> + \u308f + \u306a\u3044 = \u8cb7<em>\u308f\u306a\u3044<\/em><\/li>\n<li><b>For all other u-verbs:<\/b> Replace the u-vowel sound with the a-vowel equivalent and attach \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d<br \/>\nExample: \u5f85<strike>\u3064<\/strike> + \u305f = \u5f85<em>\u305f\u306a\u3044<\/em><\/li>\n<li><b>Exceptions:<\/b>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3057\u306a\u3044<\/li>\n<li>\u304f\u308b \u2192 \u3053\u306a\u3044<\/li>\n<li>\uff0a\u3042\u308b \u2192 \u306a\u3044<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<table>\n<caption>Negative form conjugation examples<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th>ru-verb<\/th>\n<th>u-verb<\/th>\n<th>exception<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u898b\u308b \u2192\u3000\u898b\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u8a71\u3059 \u2192\u3000\u8a71\u3055\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u3059\u308b \u2192 \u3057\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u98df\u3079\u308b \u2192\u3000\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u805e\u304f \u2192\u3000\u805e\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u304f\u308b \u2192 \u3053\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5bdd\u308b \u2192\u3000\u5bdd\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u6cf3\u3050 \u2192\u3000\u6cf3\u304c\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\uff0a\u3042\u308b \u2192 <em>\u306a\u3044<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8d77\u304d\u308b \u2192\u3000\u8d77\u304d\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u904a\u3076 \u2192\u3000\u904a\u3070\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8003\u3048\u308b \u2192\u3000\u8003\u3048\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u5f85\u3064 \u2192\u3000\u5f85\u305f\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u6559\u3048\u308b \u2192\u3000\u6559\u3048\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u98f2\u3080 \u2192\u3000\u98f2\u307e\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u51fa\u308b \u2192\u3000\u51fa\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\uff0a\u8cb7\u3046 \u2192\u3000\u8cb7<em>\u308f<\/em>\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7740\u308b \u2192\u3000\u7740\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u5e30\u308b \u2192\u3000\u5e30\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u3044\u308b \u2192\u3000\u3044\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u6b7b\u306c \u2192\u3000\u6b7b\u306a\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<p>Here are the example sentences from the last section conjugated to the negative form.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\u306f<em><span title=\"\u305f\u3079\u308b - to eat\" class=\"popup\">\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nAs for Alice, does not eat.<\/li>\n<li>\u30b8\u30e0\u304c<em><span title=\"\u3042\u305d\u3076 - to play\" class=\"popup\">\u904a\u3070\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nJim is the one that does not play.<\/li>\n<li>\u30dc\u30d6\u3082<em><span title=\"\u3059\u308b - to do\" class=\"popup\">\u3057\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nBob also does not do.<\/li>\n<li><span title=\"\u304a\u304b\u306d - money\" class=\"popup\">\u304a\u91d1<\/span>\u304c<em><span title=\"\u3042\u308b - to exist (inanimate)\" class=\"popup\">\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nThere is no money. (lit: Money is the thing that does not exist.)<\/li>\n<li><span title=\"\u308f\u305f\u3057 - me, myself, I\" class=\"popup\">\u79c1<\/span>\u306f<em><span title=\"\u304b\u3046 - to buy\" class=\"popup\">\u8cb7\u308f\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nAs for me, not buy.<\/li>\n<li><span title=\"\u306d\u3053 - cat\" class=\"popup\">\u732b<\/span>\u306f<em><span title=\"\u3044\u308b- to exist (animate)\" class=\"popup\">\u3044\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nThere is no cat. (lit: As for cat, does not exist.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Now that we&#8217;ve seen how to declare things and perform actions with verbs, we want to be able to say the negative. In other words, we want to say that such-and-such action was not performed. This is done by conjugating the verb to the negative form just like the state-of-being for nouns and adjectives. However, &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/negativeverbs\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Negative Verbs&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"series":[4],"class_list":["post-177","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-basic-grammar","series-grammar-guide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/177","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=177"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/177\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=177"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=177"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=177"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=177"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}