We have already gone over very powerful constructs that can express almost anything we want. We will see the \u300c\u306e\u300d particle will give us even more power by allowing us to define a generic, abstract noun. We will also learn how to modify nouns directly with nouns. The three particles we will cover can group nouns together in different ways.<\/p>\n
This is the last lesson that will be specifically focused on particles but that does not<\/i> mean that there are no more particles to learn. We will learn many more particles along the way but they may not be labeled as such. As long as you know what they mean and how to use them, it is not too important to know whether they are particles or not.<\/p>\n The \u300c\u3068\u300d particle is similar to the \u300c\u3082\u300d particle in that it contains a meaning of inclusion. It can combine two or more nouns together to mean “and”.<\/p>\n Another similar use of the \u300c\u3068\u300d particle is to show an action that was done together with someone or something else.<\/p>\n The \u300c\u3084\u300d particle, just like the \u300c\u3068\u300d particle, is used to list one or more nouns except that it is much more vague than the \u300c\u3068\u300d particle. It implies that there may be other things that are unlisted and that not all items in the list may apply. In English, you might think of this as an “and\/or, etc.” type of listing.<\/p>\n \u300c\u3068\u304b\u300d also has the same meaning as \u300c\u3084\u300d but is a slightly more colloquial expression.<\/p>\n The \u300c\u306e\u300d particle has many uses and it is a very powerful particle. It is introduced here because like the \u300c\u3068\u300d and \u300c\u3084\u300d particle, it can be used to connect one or more nouns. Let’s look at a few examples.<\/p>\n The first sentence essentially means, “Bob’s book.” (not a lost bible chapter). The second sentence means, “Book’s Bob” which is probably a mistake. I’ve translated the first example as “book of Bob” because the \u300c\u306e\u300d particle doesn’t always imply possession as the next example shows.<\/p>\n In normal English, this would translate to, “Bob is a student of an American college.” The order of modification is backwards so Bob is a student of a college that is American. \u300c\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u306e\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\u306e\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab<\/span>\u300d means “America of college of student” which is probably an error and makes little sense. (America of student’s college?)<\/p>\n The noun that is being modified can be omitted if the context clearly indicates what is being omitted. The following highlighted redundant words can be omitted.<\/p>\n to become:<\/p>\n \uff08\u300c\u305d\u306e<\/span>\u300d is an abbreviation of \u300c\u305d\u308c<\/span>+\u306e\u300d so it directly modifies the noun because the \u300c\u306e\u300d particle is intrinsically attached. Other words include \u300c\u3053\u306e<\/span>\u300d from \u300c\u3053\u308c<\/span>\u306e\u300d and \u300c\u3042\u306e<\/span>\u300d from \u300c\u3042\u308c<\/span>\u306e\u300d.\uff09<\/p>\n The \u300c\u306e\u300d particle in this usage essentially replaces the noun and takes over the role as a noun itself. We can essentially treat adjectives and verbs just like nouns by adding the \u300c\u306e\u300d particle to it. The particle then becomes a generic noun, which we can treat just like a regular noun.<\/p>\n Now we can use the direct object, topic, and identifier particle with verbs and adjectives. We don’t necessarily have to use the \u300c\u306e\u300d particle here. We can use the noun \u300c\u7269<\/span>\u300d, which is a generic object or \u300c\u3053\u3068<\/span>\u300d for a generic event. For example, we can also say:<\/p>\n However, the \u300c\u306e\u300d particle is very useful in that you don’t have to specify a particular noun. In the next examples, the \u300c\u306e\u300d particle is not replacing any particular noun, it just allows us to modify verb and adjective clauses like noun clauses. The relative clauses are highlighted.<\/p>\n Even when substituting \u300c\u306e\u300d for a noun, you still need the \u300c\u306a\u300d to modify the noun when a na-adjective is being used.<\/p>\n becomes:<\/p>\n *Warning: This may make things seem like you can replace any arbitrary nouns with \u300c\u306e\u300d but this is not so. It is important to realize that the sentence must be about the clause and not the noun that was replaced. For example, in the last section we had the sentence, \u300c\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u4eba<\/span>\u306f\u3001 \u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u306b\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u300d. You may think that you can just replace \u300c\u4eba<\/span>\u300d with \u300c\u306e\u300d to produce \u300c\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u306e<\/em>\u306f\u3001\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u306b\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u300d. But in fact, this makes no sense because the sentence is now about the clause “Is not student”. The sentence becomes, “The thing of not being student does not go to school” which is complete gibberish because not being a student is a state and it doesn’t make sense for a state to go anywhere much less school.<\/p>\nThe Inclusive \u300c\u3068\u300d particle<\/h2>\n
Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
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\n
\nAte steak by means of knife and fork.<\/li>\n
\nBought book, magazine, and post card.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\nTalked with friend.<\/li>\n
\nMet with teacher.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThe Vague Listing \u300c\u3084\u300d and \u300c\u3068\u304b\u300d particles<\/h2>\n
Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
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\n
\nYou don’t need (things like) drink, cup, or napkin, etc.?<\/li>\n
\nBuy (things like) shoes and shirt, etc…<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\nYou don’t need (things like) drink, cup, or napkin, etc.?<\/li>\n
\nBuy (things like) shoes and shirt, etc…<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThe \u300c\u306e\u300d particle<\/h2>\n
Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
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\n
\nBook of Bob.<\/li>\n
\nBob of book.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\nBob is student of college of America.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\nWhose shirt is that shirt?<\/li>\n
\nIt is shirt of Bob.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\nWhose shirt is that?<\/li>\n
\nIt is of Bob.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\nThing that is white is cute.<\/li>\n
\nForgot the event of going to class.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\nThing that is white is cute.<\/li>\n
\nForgot the thing of going to class.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\nThe thing of studying every day is tough.<\/li>\n
\nIt’s not interesting to eat same thing every day.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\nQuiet room is room of Alice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
\nQuiet one is room of Alice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe \u300c\u306e\u300d particle as explanation<\/h2>\n