{"id":214,"date":"2017-10-16T13:06:22","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T17:06:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=214"},"modified":"2017-10-17T14:02:07","modified_gmt":"2017-10-17T18:02:07","slug":"adverbs-and-sentence-ending-particles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/adverbs","title":{"rendered":"Adverbs and Sentence-ending particles"},"content":{"rendered":"

Properties of Adverbs<\/h2>\n

Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \u65e9\u3044 \u3010\u306f\u3084\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – fast; early<\/li>\n
  2. \u304d\u308c\u3044 (na-adj) – pretty; clean<\/li>\n
  3. \u671d\u3054\u98ef \u3010\u3042\u3055\u30fb\u3054\u30fb\u306f\u3093\u3011 – breakfast<\/li>\n
  4. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011(ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
  5. \u81ea\u5206 \u3010\u3058\u30fb\u3076\u3093\u3011 – oneself<\/li>\n
  6. \u90e8\u5c4b \u3010\u3078\u30fb\u3084\u3011 – room<\/li>\n
  7. \u6620\u753b \u3010\u3048\u3044\u30fb\u304c\u3011 – movie<\/li>\n
  8. \u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093 – a lot (amount)<\/li>\n
  9. \u898b\u308b \u3010\u307f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 – to see; to watch<\/li>\n
  10. \u6700\u8fd1 \u3010\u3055\u3044\u30fb\u304d\u3093\u3011 – recent; lately<\/li>\n
  11. \u5168\u7136 \u3010\u305c\u3093\u30fb\u305c\u3093\u3011 – not at all (when used with negative)<\/li>\n
  12. \u58f0 \u3010\u3053\u3048\u3011 – voice<\/li>\n
  13. \u7d50\u69cb \u3010\u3051\u3063\u30fb\u3053\u3046\u3011 – fairly, reasonably<\/li>\n
  14. \u5927\u304d\u3044 \u3010\u304a\u304a\u30fb\u304d\u3044\u3011(i-adj) – big<\/li>\n
  15. \u3053\u306e – this \uff08abbr. of \u3053\u308c\u306e\uff09<\/li>\n
  16. \u753a \u3010\u307e\u3061\u3011 – town<\/li>\n
  17. \u5909\u308f\u308b \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u308f\u308b\u3011(u-verb) – to change<\/li>\n
  18. \u56f3\u66f8\u9928 \u3010\u3068\u30fb\u3057\u3087\u30fb\u304b\u3093\u3011 – library<\/li>\n
  19. \u4e2d \u3010\u306a\u304b\u3011 – inside<\/li>\n
  20. \u9759\u304b \u3010\u3057\u305a\u30fb\u304b\u3011(na-adj) – quiet<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Unlike English, changing adjectives to adverbs is a very simple and straightforward process. In addition, since the system of particles make sentence ordering flexible, adverbs can be placed anywhere in the clause that it applies to as long as it comes before<\/i> the verb that it refers to. As usual, we have two separate rules: one for i-adjectives, and one for na-adjectives.<\/p>\n

    \nHow to change an adjective to an adverb<\/span><\/p>\n
      \n
    • For i-adjectives:<\/b> Substitute the \u300c\u3044\u300d with \u300c\u304f\u300d.
      \nExample: \u65e9<\/span>\u3044<\/em> \u2192 \u65e9\u304f<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
    • For na-adjectives:<\/b> Attach the target particle \u300c\u306b\u300d.
      \nExample: \u304d\u308c\u3044<\/span> \u2192 \u304d\u308c\u3044<\/span>\u306b<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
        \n
      • \u30dc\u30d6\u306f\u671d\u3054\u98ef<\/span>\u3092\u65e9\u304f<\/span><\/em>\u98df\u3079\u305f<\/span>\u3002
        \nBob quickly ate breakfast.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        The adverb \u300c\u65e9\u304f<\/span>\u300d is a little different from the English word ‘fast’ in that it can mean quickly in terms of speed or<\/i> time. In other words, Bob may have eaten his breakfast early or he may have eaten it quickly depending on the context. In other types of sentences such as \u300c\u65e9\u304f<\/span>\u8d70\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u300d, it is quite obvious that it probably means quickly and not early. (Of course this also depends on the context.)<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\u306f\u81ea\u5206<\/span>\u306e\u90e8\u5c4b<\/span>\u3092\u304d\u308c\u3044<\/span>\u306b<\/em>\u3057\u305f<\/span>\u3002
          \nAlice did her own room toward clean.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          The literal translation kind of gives you a sense of why the target particle is used. There is some argument against calling this an adverb at all but it is convenient for us to do so because of the grouping of i-adjectives and na-adjectives. Thinking of it as an adverb, we can interpret the sentence to mean: “Alice did her room cleanly.” or less literally: “Alice cleaned her room.” \uff08\u300c\u304d\u308c\u3044<\/span>\u300d literally means “pretty” but if it helps, you can think of it as, “Alice prettied up her own room.”\uff09<\/p>\n

          Note: Not all adverbs are derived from adjectives. Some words like \u300c\u5168\u7136<\/span>\u300d and \u300c\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093<\/span>\u300d are adverbs in themselves without any conjugation. These words can be used without particles just like regular adverbs.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u6620\u753b<\/span>\u3092\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093<\/span><\/em>\u898b\u305f<\/span>\u3002
            \nSaw a lot of movies.\n<\/li>\n
          2. \u6700\u8fd1<\/span>\u3001\u5168\u7136<\/span><\/em>\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
            \nLately, don’t eat at all.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Examples<\/h3>\n

            Here are some more examples of using adverbs.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \n\u30dc\u30d6\u306e\u58f0<\/span>\u306f\u3001\u7d50\u69cb<\/span><\/em>\u5927\u304d\u3044<\/span>\u3002
              \nBob’s voice is fairly<\/em> large.\n<\/li>\n
            2. \u3053\u306e<\/span>\u753a<\/span>\u306f\u3001\u6700\u8fd1<\/span>\u5927\u304d\u304f<\/span><\/em>\u5909\u308f\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u3002
              \nThis town had changed greatly<\/em> lately.\n<\/li>\n
            3. \u56f3\u66f8\u9928<\/span>\u306e\u4e2d<\/span>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9759\u304b<\/span>\u306b<\/em>\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u3002
              \nWithin the library, [we] do things quietly<\/em>.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Sentence-ending particles<\/h2>\n

              Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                \n
              1. \u3044\u3044 (i-adj) – good<\/li>\n
              2. \u5929\u6c17 \u3010\u3066\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3011 – weather<\/li>\n
              3. \u305d\u3046 – (things are) that way<\/li>\n
              4. \u9762\u767d\u3044 \u3010\u304a\u3082\u30fb\u3057\u308d\u30fb\u3044\u3011(i-adj) – interesting<\/li>\n
              5. \u6620\u753b \u3010\u3048\u3044\u30fb\u304c\u3011 – movie<\/li>\n
              6. \u5168\u7136 \u3010\u305c\u3093\u30fb\u305c\u3093\u3011 – not at all (when used with negative)<\/li>\n
              7. \u6642\u9593 \u3010\u3058\u30fb\u304b\u3093\u3011 – time<\/li>\n
              8. \u3042\u308b (u-verb) – to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n
              9. \u5927\u4e08\u592b \u3010\u3060\u3044\u30fb\u3058\u3087\u3046\u30fb\u3076\u3011 (na-adj) – ok<\/li>\n
              10. \u4eca\u65e5 \u3010\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 – today<\/li>\n
              11. \u3046\u3093 – yes (casual)<\/li>\n
              12. \u3067\u3082 – but<\/li>\n
              13. \u660e\u65e5 \u3010\u3042\u3057\u305f\u3011 – tomorrow<\/li>\n
              14. \u96e8 \u3010\u3042\u3081\u3011 – rain<\/li>\n
              15. \u964d\u308b \u3010\u3075\u30fb\u308b\u3011(u-verb) – to precipitate<\/li>\n
              16. \u9b5a \u3010\u3055\u304b\u306a\u3011 – fish<\/li>\n
              17. \u597d\u304d \u3010\u3059\u30fb\u304d\u3011 (na-adj) – likable<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Sentence-ending particles are particles that always come at the end of sentences to change the “tone” or “feel” of a sentence. In this section, we will cover the two most commonly used sentence-ending particles.<\/p>\n

                \u300c\u306d\u300d sentence ending<\/h2>\n

                People usually add \u300c\u306d\u300d to the end of their sentence when they are looking for (and expecting) agreement to what they are saying. This is equivalent to saying, “right?” or “isn’t it?” in English.<\/p>\n

                Example 1<\/h3>\n

                \u30dc\u30d6\uff1a\u3044\u3044<\/span>\u5929\u6c17<\/span>\u3060\u306d<\/em>\u3002
                \nBob: Good weather, huh<\/em>?<\/p>\n

                \u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\uff1a\u305d\u3046<\/span>\u306d<\/em>\u3002
                \nAlice: That is so, isn’t it<\/em>?<\/p>\n

                The literal translation of \u300c\u305d\u3046<\/span>\u306d\u300d sounds a bit odd but it basically means something like, “Sure is”. Males would probably say, \u300c\u305d\u3046<\/span>\u3060\u306d\u300d.<\/p>\n

                Example 2<\/h3>\n

                \u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\uff1a\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u3044<\/span>\u6620\u753b<\/span>\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306d<\/em>\u3002
                \nAlice: That was interesting movie, wasn’t it<\/em>?<\/p>\n

                \u30dc\u30d6\uff1a\u3048\uff1f\u5168\u7136<\/span>\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u3002
                \nBob: Huh? No, it wasn’t interesting at all.<\/p>\n

                Since Alice is expecting agreement that the movie was interesting Bob is surprised because he didn’t find the movie interesting at all. (\u300c\u3048\u300d is a
                \nsound of surprise and confusion.)<\/p>\n

                \u300c\u3088\u300d sentence ending<\/h2>\n

                When \u300c\u3088\u300d is attached to the end of a sentence, it means that the speaker is informing the listener of something new. In English, we might say this with a, “You know…” such as the sentence, “You know, I’m actually a genius.”<\/p>\n

                Example 1<\/h3>\n

                \u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\uff1a\u6642\u9593<\/span>\u304c\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3088<\/em>\u3002
                \nAlice: You know<\/em>, there is no time.<\/p>\n

                \u30dc\u30d6\uff1a\u5927\u4e08\u592b\u3060<\/span>\u3088<\/em>\u3002
                \nBob: It’s ok, you know<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                Example 2<\/h3>\n

                \u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\uff1a\u4eca\u65e5<\/span>\u306f\u3044\u3044<\/span>\u5929\u6c17<\/span>\u3060\u306d\u3002
                \nAlice: Good weather today, huh?<\/p>\n

                \u30dc\u30d6\uff1a\u3046\u3093<\/span>\u3002\u3067\u3082<\/span>\u3001\u660e\u65e5<\/span>\u96e8<\/span>\u304c\u964d\u308b<\/span>\u3088<\/em>\u3002
                \nBob: Yeah. But it will rain tomorrow, you know<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                Combining both to get \u300c\u3088\u306d\u300d<\/h2>\n

                You can also combine the two particles we just learned to create \u300c\u3088\u306d\u300d. This is essentially used when you want to inform the listener of some new point you’re trying to make and when you’re seeking agreement on it at the same time. When combining the two, the order must always be \u300c\u3088\u306d\u300d. You cannot reverse the order.<\/p>\n

                Example<\/h3>\n

                \u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\uff1a\u30dc\u30d6\u306f\u3001\u9b5a<\/span>\u304c\u597d\u304d<\/span>\u306a\u3093\u3060\u3088\u306d<\/em>\u3002
                \nAlice: You know<\/em>, you like fish, dontcha<\/em>?<\/p>\n

                \u30dc\u30d6\uff1a\u305d\u3046<\/span>\u3060\u306d\u3002
                \nBob: That is so, huh<\/em>?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Properties of Adverbs Vocabulary \u65e9\u3044 \u3010\u306f\u3084\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – fast; early \u304d\u308c\u3044 (na-adj) – pretty; clean \u671d\u3054\u98ef \u3010\u3042\u3055\u30fb\u3054\u30fb\u306f\u3093\u3011 – breakfast \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011(ru-verb) – to eat \u81ea\u5206 \u3010\u3058\u30fb\u3076\u3093\u3011 – oneself \u90e8\u5c4b \u3010\u3078\u30fb\u3084\u3011 – room \u6620\u753b \u3010\u3048\u3044\u30fb\u304c\u3011 – movie \u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093 – a lot (amount) \u898b\u308b \u3010\u307f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 – to see; to watch \u6700\u8fd1 \u3010\u3055\u3044\u30fb\u304d\u3093\u3011 – recent; lately \u5168\u7136 \u3010\u305c\u3093\u30fb\u305c\u3093\u3011 … <\/p>\n

                Continue reading “Adverbs and Sentence-ending particles”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"series":[4],"class_list":["post-214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-basic-grammar","series-grammar-guide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/214","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=214"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/214\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=214"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=214"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=214"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}