{"id":226,"date":"2017-10-16T13:16:20","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T17:16:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=226"},"modified":"2022-02-19T19:33:54","modified_gmt":"2022-02-20T00:33:54","slug":"teform","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/teform","title":{"rendered":"Other uses of the te-form"},"content":{"rendered":"

The te-form is incredibly useful as it is used widely in many different types of grammatical expressions. We will learn about enduring states with the \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d and \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3042\u308b\u300d form. Even though we have learned various conjugations for verbs, they have all been one-time actions. We will now go over how one would say, for example, “I am<\/u> running.” We will also learn how to perform an action for the future using the \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u304a\u304f\u300d expression and to express directions of actions using \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3044\u304f\u300d and \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u304f\u308b\u300d.<\/p>\n

Using \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d for enduring states<\/h2>\n

Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
  2. \u8aad\u3080 \u3010\u3088\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) – to read<\/li>\n
  3. \u53cb\u9054 \u3010\u3068\u3082\u30fb\u3060\u3061\u3011 – friend<\/li>\n
  4. \u4f55\u3010\u306a\u306b\u3011 – what<\/li>\n
  5. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
  6. \u663c\u3054\u98ef \u3010\u3072\u308b\u30fb\u3054\u30fb\u306f\u3093\u3011 – lunch<\/li>\n
  7. \u6559\u79d1\u66f8 \u3010\u304d\u3087\u3046\u30fb\u304b\u30fb\u3057\u3087\u3011 – textbook<\/li>\n
  8. \u8a71 \u3010\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3011 – story<\/li>\n
  9. \u805e\u304f \u3010\u304d\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to ask; to listen<\/li>\n
  10. \u3046\u3046\u3093 – casual word for “no” (nah, uh-uh)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    We already know how to express a state-of-being using \u300c\u3067\u3059\u300d, \u300c\u3060\u300d, etc. However, it only indicates a one-time thing; you are something or not. This grammar, however, describes a continuing state of an action verb. This usually translates to the progressive form in English except for a few exceptions, which we will examine later. We can make good use of the te-form we learned in the last section because the only thing left to do is add \u300c\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d! You can then treat the result as a regular ru-verb.<\/p>\n

    This \u300c\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d is the same ru-verb describing existence, first described in the negative verb section. However, in this case, you don’t have to worry about whether the subject is animate or inanimate.<\/p>\n

    Using \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d for enduring states<\/span><\/p>\n
      \n
    • To describe a continuing action, first conjugate the verb to the te-form and then attach the verb \u300c\u3044\u308b\u300d. The entire result conjugates as a ru-verb.
      \nExamples  <\/p>\n
        \n
      1. \u98df\u3079\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u3066<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u3066<\/span>\u3044\u308b<\/em><\/li>\n
      2. \u8aad\u3080<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u8aad\u3093\u3067<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u8aad\u3093\u3067<\/span>\u3044\u308b<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

         <\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
        The result conjugates as a ru-verb regardless of what the original verb is<\/caption>\n
         <\/th>\nPositive<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
        Non-Past<\/th>\n\u8aad\u3093\u3067<\/span>\u3044\u308b<\/em><\/td>\nreading<\/td>\n\u8aad\u3093\u3067<\/span>\u3044\u306a\u3044<\/em><\/td>\nis not reading<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Past<\/th>\n\u8aad\u3093\u3067<\/span>\u3044\u305f<\/em><\/td>\nwas reading<\/td>\n\u8aad\u3093\u3067<\/span>\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\nwas not reading<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

         <\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        <\/center>  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

        Example 1<\/h3>\n

        \uff21\uff1a\u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u306f\u4f55<\/span>\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/em><\/span>\u306e\uff1f
        \nA: What is friend doing?<\/p>\n

        \uff22\uff1a\u663c\u3054\u98ef<\/span>\u3092\u98df\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/em><\/span>\u3002
        \nB: (Friend) is eating lunch.<\/p>\n

        Note that once you’ve changed it into a regular ru-verb, you can do all the normal conjugations. The examples below show the masu-form and plain negative conjugations.<\/p>\n

        Example 2<\/h3>\n

        \uff21\uff1a\u4f55<\/span>\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b<\/em><\/span>\uff1f
        \nA: What are you reading?<\/p>\n

        \uff22\uff1a \u6559\u79d1\u66f8<\/span>\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/em><\/span>\u3002
        \nB: I am reading textbook.<\/p>\n

        Example 3<\/h3>\n

        \uff21\uff1a \u8a71<\/span>\u3092\u805e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b<\/em><\/span>\u3002
        \nA: Are you listening to me? (lit: Are you listening to story?)<\/p>\n

        \uff22\uff1a \u3046\u3046\u3093<\/span>\u3001\u805e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044<\/em><\/span>\u3002
        \nB: No, I’m not listening.<\/p>\n

        Since people are usually too lazy to roll their tongues to properly pronounce the \u300c\u3044\u300d, it is often omitted in conversational Japanese. If you are writing an essay or paper, you should always include the \u300c\u3044\u300d. Here are the abbreviated versions of the previous examples.<\/p>\n

        Example 4<\/h3>\n

        \uff21\uff1a\u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u306f\u4f55<\/span>\u3092\u3057\u3066\u308b<\/em><\/span>\u306e\uff1f
        \nA: What is friend doing?<\/p>\n

        \uff22\uff1a\u663c\u3054\u98ef<\/span>\u3092\u98df\u3079\u3066\u308b<\/em><\/span>\u3002
        \nB: (Friend) is eating lunch.<\/p>\n

        Example 5<\/h3>\n

        \uff21\uff1a\u4f55<\/span>\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u308b<\/em>\uff1f<\/span>
        \nA: What are you reading?<\/p>\n

        \uff22\uff1a\u6559\u79d1\u66f8<\/span>\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/em><\/span>\u3002
        \nB: I am reading textbook.<\/p>\n

        Example 6<\/h3>\n

        \uff21\uff1a\u8a71<\/span>\u3092\u805e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304b<\/em><\/span>\u3002
        \nA: Are you listening to me? (lit: Are you listening to story?)<\/p>\n

        \uff22\uff1a\u3046\u3046\u3093<\/span>\u3001\u805e\u3044\u3066\u306a\u3044<\/em><\/span>\u3002
        \nB: No, I’m not listening.<\/p>\n

        Notice how I left the \u300c\u3044\u300d alone for the polite forms. Though people certainly omit the \u300c\u3044\u300d even in polite form, you might want to get used to the proper way of saying things first before getting carried away with casual abbreviations. You will be amazed at the extensive types of abbreviations that exist in casual speech. (You may also be amazed at how long everything gets in super polite speech.) Basically, you will get the abbreviations if you just act lazy and slur everything together. Particles also get punted off left and right.<\/p>\n

        For example:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u4f55<\/span>\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u306e\uff1f(Those particles are such a pain to say all the time…)<\/li>\n
        2. \u4f55<\/span>\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u306e\uff1f (Ugh, I hate having to spell out all the vowels.)<\/li>\n
        3. \u4f55<\/span>\u3057\u3066\u3093<\/span>\u306e\uff1f (Ah, perfect.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Enduring state-of-being vs enduring state of action<\/h2>\n

          Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
            \n
          1. \u77e5\u308b \u3010\u3057\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to know<\/li>\n
          2. \u5206\u304b\u308b \u3010\u308f\u30fb\u304b\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to understand<\/li>\n
          3. \u4eca\u65e5 \u3010\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 – today<\/li>\n
          4. \u3053\u306e – this \uff08abbr. of \u3053\u308c\u306e\uff09<\/li>\n
          5. \u6b4c \u3010\u3046\u305f\u3011 – song<\/li>\n
          6. \u9053 \u3010\u307f\u3061\u3011 – road<\/li>\n
          7. \u306f\u3044 – yes (polite)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            There are certain cases where an enduring state doesn’t translate into the progressive form. In fact, there is an ambiguity in whether one is in a state of doing<\/i> an action versus being in a state that resulted<\/i> from some action. This is usually decided by context and common practices. For example, although \u300c\u7d50\u5a5a<\/span>\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d can technically mean someone is in a chapel currently getting married, it is usually used to refer to someone who is already married and is currently in that married state. We’ll now discuss some common verbs that often cause this type of confusion for learners of Japanese.<\/p>\n

            \u300c\u77e5\u308b<\/span>\u300d<\/h3>\n

            \u300c\u77e5\u308b<\/span>\u300d means “to know”. English is weird in that “know” is supposed to be a verb but is actually describing a state of having knowledge. Japanese is more consistent and \u300c\u77e5\u308b<\/span>\u300d is just a regular action verb. In other words, I “knowed” (action) something and so now I know it (state). That’s why the English word “to know” is really a continuing state in Japanese, namely: \u300c\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d.<\/p>\n

            \u300c\u77e5\u308b<\/span>\u300d vs \u300c\u5206\u304b\u308b<\/span>\u300d<\/h3>\n

            \u300c\u5206\u304b\u308b<\/span>\u300d meaning “to understand” may seem similar to \u300c\u77e5\u308b<\/span>\u300d in some cases. However, there is a difference between “knowing” and “understanding”. Try not to confuse \u300c\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d with \u300c\u5206\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d. \u300c\u5206\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d means that you are already in a state of understanding, in other words, you already get it. If you misuse this, you may sound pompous. (“Yeah, yeah, I got it already.”) On the other hand, \u300c\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d simply means you know something.<\/p>\n

            Examples<\/h3>\n
              \n
            1. \u4eca\u65e5<\/span>\u3001\u77e5\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
              \nI found out about it today. (I did the action of knowing today.)<\/li>\n
            2. \u3053\u306e<\/span>\u6b4c<\/span>\u3092\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/em>\u304b\uff1f
              \nDo (you) know this song?<\/li>\n
            3. \u9053<\/span>\u306f\u5206\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/em>\u304b\u3002
              \nDo you know the way? (lit: Do (you) understand the road?)<\/li>\n
            4. \u306f\u3044<\/span>\u3001\u306f\u3044<\/span>\u3001\u5206\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3001\u5206\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
              \nYes, yes, I got it, I got it.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Motion Verbs (\u884c\u304f<\/span>\u3001\u6765\u308b<\/span>\u3001etc.)<\/h3>\n

              Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                \n
              1. \u9234\u6728 \u3010\u3059\u305a\u30fb\u304d\u3011 – Suzuki (last name)<\/li>\n
              2. \u3069\u3053 – where<\/li>\n
              3. \u3082\u3046 – already<\/li>\n
              4. \u5bb6 \u30101) \u3046\u3061; 2) \u3044\u3048\u3011 – 1) one’s own home; 2) house<\/li>\n
              5. \u5e30\u308b \u3010\u304b\u3048\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to go home<\/li>\n
              6. \u5148 \u3010\u3055\u304d\u3011 – before<\/li>\n
              7. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
              8. \u7f8e\u6075 \u3010\u307f\u30fb\u3048\u3011 – Mie (first name)<\/li>\n
              9. \u6765\u308b \u3010\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (exception) – to come<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                It is reasonable to assume the actions \u300c\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d and \u300c\u6765\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d would mean, “going” and “coming” respectively. But unfortunately, this is not the case. The \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d form of motion verbs is more like a sequence of actions we saw in the last section. You completed the motion, and now you exist in that state. (Remember, \u300c\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d is the verb of existence of animate objects.) It might help to think of it as two separate and successive actions: \u300c\u884c\u3063\u3066<\/span>\u300d\u3001and then \u300c\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d.<\/p>\n

                Examples<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                1. \u9234\u6728<\/span>\u3055\u3093\u306f\u3069\u3053<\/span>\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002
                  \nWhere is Suzuki-san?<\/li>\n
                2. \u3082\u3046<\/span>\u3001\u5bb6<\/span>\u306b\u5e30\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                  \nHe is already at home (went home and is there now).<\/li>\n
                3. \u5148<\/span>\u306b\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3088\u3002
                  \nI’ll go on ahead. (I’ll go and be there before you.)<\/li>\n
                4. \u7f8e\u6075<\/span>\u3061\u3083\u3093\u306f\u3001\u3082\u3046<\/span>\u6765\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3088\u3002
                  \nMie-chan is already here, you know. (She came and is here.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Using \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3042\u308b\u300d for resultant states<\/h2>\n

                  Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  1. \u6e96\u5099 \u3010\u3058\u3085\u3093\u30fb\u3073\u3011 – preparations<\/li>\n
                  2. \u3069\u3046 – how<\/li>\n
                  3. \u3082\u3046 – already<\/li>\n
                  4. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
                  5. \u3042\u308b (u-verb) – to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n
                  6. \u65c5\u884c \u3010\u308a\u3087\u30fb\u3053\u3046\u3011 – travel<\/li>\n
                  7. \u8a08\u753b \u3010\u3051\u3044\u30fb\u304b\u304f\u3011 – plans<\/li>\n
                  8. \u7d42\u308f\u308b \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u308f\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to end<\/li>\n
                  9. \u3046\u3093 – casual word for “yes” (yeah, uh-huh)<\/li>\n
                  10. \u5207\u7b26 \u3010\u304d\u3063\u30fb\u3077\u3011 – ticket<\/li>\n
                  11. \u8cb7\u3046 \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to buy<\/li>\n
                  12. \u30db\u30c6\u30eb – hotel<\/li>\n
                  13. \u4e88\u7d04 \u3010\u3088\u30fb\u3084\u304f\u3011 – reservation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Appropriately enough, just like there is an \u300c\u3042\u308b<\/span>\u300d to go with \u300c\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d, there is a \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3042\u308b\u300d form that also has a special meaning. By replacing \u300c\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d with \u300c\u3042\u308b<\/span>\u300d, instead of a continuing action, it becomes a resultant state after the action has already taken place. Usually, this expression is used to explain that something is in a state of completion. The completed action also carries a nuance of being completed in preparation for something else.<\/p>\n

                    Since this grammar describes the state of a completed action, it is common to see the \u300c\u306f\u300d and \u300c\u3082\u300d particles instead of the \u300c\u3092\u300d particle.<\/p>\n

                    Example 1<\/h3>\n

                    \uff21\uff1a\u6e96\u5099<\/span>\u306f\u3069\u3046<\/span>\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002
                    \nA: How are the preparations?<\/p>\n

                    \uff22\uff1a\u6e96\u5099<\/span>\u306f\u3001\u3082\u3046<\/span>\u3057\u3066\u3042\u308b<\/span>\u3088<\/em>\u3002
                    \nB: The preparations are already done.<\/p>\n

                    Example 2<\/h3>\n

                    \uff21\uff1a\u65c5\u884c<\/span>\u306e\u8a08\u753b<\/span>\u306f\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u305f<\/span>\uff1f
                    \nA: Are the plans for the trip complete?<\/p>\n

                    \uff22\uff1a\u3046\u3093<\/span>\u3001\u5207\u7b26<\/span>\u3092\u8cb7\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u3057\u3001\u30db\u30c6\u30eb<\/span>\u306e\u4e88\u7d04<\/span>\u3082\u3057\u3066\u3042\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                    \nB: Uh huh, not only did I buy the ticket, I also took care of the hotel reservations.<\/p>\n

                    Using the \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u304a\u304f\u300d form as preparation for the future<\/h2>\n

                    Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    1. \u6669\u3054\u98ef \u3010\u3070\u3093\u30fb\u3054\u30fb\u306f\u3093\u3011 – dinner<\/li>\n
                    2. \u4f5c\u308b \u3010\u3064\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to make<\/li>\n
                    3. \u96fb\u6c60 \u3010\u3067\u3093\u30fb\u3061\u3011 – battery<\/li>\n
                    4. \u8cb7\u3046 \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to buy<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      While \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3042\u308b\u300d carries a nuance of a completed action in preparation for something else, \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u304a\u304f\u300d explicitly states that the action is done (or will be done) with the future in mind. Imagine this: you have made a delicious pie and you’re going to place<\/i> it on the window sill for it to cool so that you can eat it later. This image might help explain why the verb \u300c\u304a\u304f<\/span>\u300d \uff08\u7f6e\u304f<\/span>\uff09, meaning “to place”, can be used to describe a preparation for the future. (It’s just too bad that pies on window sills always seem to go through some kind of mishap especially in cartoons.) While \u300c\u7f6e\u304f<\/span>\u300d by itself is written in kanji, it is customary to use hiragana when it comes attached to a conjugated verb (such as the te-form).<\/p>\n

                      Examples<\/h3>\n
                        \n
                      1. \u6669\u3054\u98ef<\/span>\u3092\u4f5c\u3063\u3066\u304a\u304f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                        \nMake dinner (in advance for the future).<\/li>\n
                      2. \u96fb\u6c60<\/span>\u3092\u8cb7\u3063\u3066\u304a\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                        \nI’ll buy batteries (in advance for the future).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        \u300c\u3066\u304a\u304f\u300d is also sometimes abbreviated to \u300c\uff5e\u3068\u304f\u300d for convenience.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. \u6669\u3054\u98ef<\/span>\u3092\u4f5c\u3063\u3068\u304f<\/em><\/span>\u3002
                          \nMake dinner (in advance for the future).<\/li>\n
                        2. \u96fb\u6c60<\/span>\u3092\u8cb7\u3063\u3068\u304d\u307e\u3059<\/em><\/span>\u3002
                          \nI’ll buy batteries (in advance for the future).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Using motion verbs \uff08\u884c\u304f<\/span>\u3001\u6765\u308b<\/span>\uff09 with the te-form<\/h2>\n

                          Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                            \n
                          1. \u3048\u3093\u3074\u3064 – pencil<\/li>\n
                          2. \u6301\u3064 \u3010\u3082\u30fb\u3064\u3011 (u-verb) – to hold<\/li>\n
                          3. \u3044\u308b (ru-verb) – to exist (animate)<\/li>\n
                          4. \u5b66\u6821 \u3010\u304c\u3063\u30fb\u3053\u3046\u3011 – school<\/li>\n
                          5. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
                          6. \u5bb6 \u30101) \u3046\u3061; 2) \u3044\u3048\u3011 – 1) one’s own home; 2) house<\/li>\n
                          7. \u6765\u308b \u3010\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (exception) – to come<\/li>\n
                          8. \u304a\u7236\u3055\u3093\u3010\u304a\u30fb\u3068\u3046\u30fb\u3055\u3093\u3011 – father (polite)<\/li>\n
                          9. \u65e9\u3044 \u3010\u306f\u3084\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – fast; early<\/li>\n
                          10. \u5e30\u308b \u3010\u304b\u3048\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to go home<\/li>\n
                          11. \u99c5 \u3010\u3048\u304d\u3011 – station<\/li>\n
                          12. \u65b9 \u3010\u307b\u3046\u3011 – direction, way<\/li>\n
                          13. \u8d70\u308b \u3010\u306f\u3057\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to run<\/li>\n
                          14. \u51ac \u3010\u3075\u3086\u3011 – winter<\/li>\n
                          15. \u5165\u308b \u3010\u306f\u3044\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to enter<\/li>\n
                          16. \u30b3\u30fc\u30c8 – coat<\/li>\n
                          17. \u7740\u308b \u3010\u304d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to wear<\/li>\n
                          18. \u5897\u3048\u308b \u3010\u3075\u30fb\u3048\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to increase<\/li>\n
                          19. \u4e00\u751f\u61f8\u547d \u3010\u3044\u3063\u30fb\u3057\u3087\u3046\u30fb\u3051\u3093\u30fb\u3081\u3044\u3011 – with all one’s might<\/li>\n
                          20. \u9811\u5f35\u308b \u3010\u304c\u3093\u30fb\u3070\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to try one’s best<\/li>\n
                          21. \u8272\u3005 \u3010\u3044\u308d\u30fb\u3044\u308d\u3011 (na-adj) – various<\/li>\n
                          22. \u4eba \u3010\u3072\u3068\u3011 – person<\/li>\n
                          23. \u4ed8\u304d\u5408\u3046 \u3010\u3064\u30fb\u304d\u30fb\u3042\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to go out with; to keep in company with<\/li>\n
                          24. \u3044\u3044 (i-adj) – good<\/li>\n
                          25. \u307e\u3060 – yet<\/li>\n
                          26. \u898b\u3064\u304b\u308b \u3010\u307f\u30fb\u3064\u304b\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to be found<\/li>\n
                          27. \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e \u3010\u306b\u30fb\u307b\u3093\u30fb\u3054\u3011 – Japanese (language)<\/li>\n
                          28. \u305a\u3063\u3068 – long; far<\/li>\n
                          29. \u524d \u3010\u307e\u3048\u3011 – front; before<\/li>\n
                          30. \u52c9\u5f37 \u3010\u3079\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 – study<\/li>\n
                          31. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
                          32. \u7d50\u5c40 \u3010\u3051\u3063\u30fb\u304d\u3087\u304f\u3011 – eventually<\/li>\n
                          33. \u3084\u3081\u308b (ru-verb) – to stop; to quit<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            You can also use the motion verbs “to go” \uff08\u884c\u304f<\/span>\uff09and “to come” \uff08\u6765\u308b<\/span>\uff09 with the te-form, to show that an action is oriented toward or from someplace. The most common and useful example of this is the verb \u300c\u6301\u3064<\/span>\u300d (to hold). While \u300c\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d means you are in a state of holding something (in possession of), when the \u300c\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d is replaced with \u300c\u3044\u304f<\/span>\u300d or \u300c\u304f\u308b<\/span>\u300d, it means you are taking or bringing something. Of course, the conjugation is the same as the regular \u300c\u884c\u304f<\/span>\u300d and \u300c\u6765\u308b<\/span>\u300d.<\/p>\n

                            Examples<\/h3>\n
                              \n
                            1. \u3048\u3093\u3074\u3064<\/span>\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/em><\/span>\uff1f
                              \nDo (you) have a pencil?<\/li>\n
                            2. \u925b\u7b46<\/span>\u3092\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u3078\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f<\/em><\/span>\uff1f
                              \nAre (you) taking pencil to school?<\/li>\n
                            3. \u925b\u7b46<\/span>\u3092\u5bb6<\/span>\u306b\u6301\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b<\/em><\/span>\uff1f
                              \nAre (you) bringing pencil to home?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              For these examples, it may make more sense to think of them as a sequence of actions: hold and go, or hold and come. Here are a couple more examples.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. \u304a\u7236\u3055\u3093<\/span>\u306f\u3001\u65e9\u304f<\/span>\u5e30\u3063\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/span>\u3002
                                \nFather came back home early.<\/li>\n
                              2. \u99c5<\/span>\u306e\u65b9<\/span>\u3078\u8d70\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/span>\u3002
                                \nWent running toward the direction of station.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                The motion verbs can also be used in time expressions to move forward or come up to the present.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. \u4e00\u751f\u61f8\u547d<\/span>\u3001\u9811\u5f35\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f<\/em><\/span>\uff01
                                  \nWill try my hardest (toward the future) with all my might!<\/li>\n
                                2. \u8272\u3005<\/span>\u306a\u4eba<\/span>\u3068\u4ed8\u304d\u5408\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f<\/em><\/span>\u3051\u3069\u3001\u3044\u3044<\/span>\u4eba<\/span>\u306f\u307e\u3060<\/span>\u898b\u3064\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                                  \nWent out (up to the present) with various types of people but a good person hasn’t been found yet.<\/li>\n
                                3. \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/span>\u3092\u305a\u3063\u3068<\/span>\u524d<\/span>\u304b\u3089\u52c9\u5f37<\/span>\u3057\u3066\u304d\u3066<\/em><\/span>\u3001\u7d50\u5c40<\/span>\u306f\u3084\u3081\u305f<\/span>\u3002
                                  \nStudied Japanese from way back before and eventually quit.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                  The te-form is incredibly useful as it is used widely in many different types of grammatical expressions. We will learn about enduring states with the \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d and \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3042\u308b\u300d form. Even though we have learned various conjugations for verbs, they have all been one-time actions. We will now go over how one would say, for example, … <\/p>\n

                                  Continue reading “Other uses of the te-form”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"series":[4],"class_list":["post-226","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-essential-grammar","series-grammar-guide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/226","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=226"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/226\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=226"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=226"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=226"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=226"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}