{"id":245,"date":"2017-10-16T13:33:48","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T17:33:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=245"},"modified":"2017-10-17T14:05:38","modified_gmt":"2017-10-17T18:05:38","slug":"defining-and-describing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/define","title":{"rendered":"Defining and Describing"},"content":{"rendered":"

The various uses of \u300c\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d<\/h2>\n

In the previous lesson, we learned how to quote a relative clause by encasing it with \u300c\u3068\u300d. This allowed us to talk about things that people have said, heard, thought, and more. We also took a look at some examples sentences that used \u300c\u3068\u300d and \u300c\u8a00\u3046<\/span>\u300d to describe how to say something in Japanese and even what to call oneself. In this section, we will learn that with \u300c\u3068\u300d, we can use \u300c\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d in a similar fashion to define, describe, and generally just talk about the thing itself. We’ll also see how to do the same thing with the casual \u300c\u3063\u3066\u300d version we first learned about in the last lesson.<\/p>\n

Using \u300c\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d to define<\/h2>\n

Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \u8a00\u3046 \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to say<\/li>\n
  2. \u3053\u308c – this<\/li>\n
  3. \u4f55 \u3010\u306a\u306b\uff0f\u306a\u3093\u3011 – what<\/li>\n
  4. \u9b5a \u3010\u3055\u304b\u306a\u3011 – fish<\/li>\n
  5. \u3053\u306e – this \uff08abbr. of \u3053\u308c\u306e\uff09<\/li>\n
  6. \u9bdb \u3010\u305f\u3044\u3011 – tai (type of fish)<\/li>\n
  7. \u30c7\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8 – department store<\/li>\n
  8. \u3069\u3053 – where<\/li>\n
  9. \u3042\u308b (u-verb) – to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n
  10. \u77e5\u308b \u3010\u3057\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to know<\/li>\n
  11. \u53cb\u9054 \u3010\u3068\u3082\u30fb\u3060\u3061\u3011 – friend<\/li>\n
  12. \u82f1\u8a9e \u3010\u3048\u3044\u30fb\u3054\u3011 – English (language)<\/li>\n
  13. \u610f\u5473 \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u307f\u3011 – meaning<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    In the last lesson, we briefly looked at how to introduce ourselves by using \u300c\u3068\u300d and \u300c\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d. For instance, we had the following example, which Alice used to introduce herself.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u79c1<\/span>\u306f\u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\u3068\u3044\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/em>\u3002
      \nI am called Alice. (lit: As for me, you say Alice.)\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \nThis sentence pattern is probably one of the first things beginner Japanese students learn in the classroom. In this case, the verb \u300c\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d doesn’t mean that somebody actually said something. Rather, Alice is saying that people in general say “Alice” when referring to her. While using kanji for \u300c\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d is perfectly acceptable, in this case, since nothing is actually being said, using hiragana is also common.\n<\/p>\n

      \nThis idea of describing what a person is known or referred to as can also be extended to objects and places. We can essentially define and identify anything we want by using \u300c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300d in this manner. As you can imagine, this is particularly useful for us because it allows us to ask what things are called in Japanese and for the definition of words we don’t know yet.\n<\/p>\n

      Examples<\/h3>\n
        \n
      1. \u3053\u308c<\/span>\u306f\u3001\u306a\u3093<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u9b5a<\/span><\/em>\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002
        \nWhat is this fish referred to as?\n<\/li>\n
      2. \u3053\u306e<\/span>\u9b5a<\/span>\u306f\u3001\u9bdb<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/em>\u3002
        \nThis fish is known as “Tai<\/i>“.\n<\/li>\n
      3. \u30eb\u30df\u30cd\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u30c7\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8<\/span><\/em>\u306f\u3069\u3053<\/span>\u306b\u3042\u308b<\/span>\u304b\u3001\u77e5\u3063\u3066<\/span>\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/span>\u304b\uff1f
        \nDo you know where the department store called “Lumine” is?\n<\/li>\n
      4. \u300c\u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u300d\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e<\/span>\u3067\u300cfriend\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span><\/em>\u610f\u5473<\/span>\u3067\u3059\u3002
        \nThe meaning of “tomodachi<\/i>” in English is “friend”.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Using \u300c\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d to describe anything<\/h2>\n

        Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
          \n
        1. \u4e3b\u4eba\u516c \u3010\u3057\u3085\u30fb\u3058\u3093\u30fb\u3053\u3046\u3011 – main character<\/li>\n
        2. \u72af\u4eba \u3010\u306f\u3093\u30fb\u306b\u3093\u3011 – criminal<\/li>\n
        3. \u4e00\u756a \u3010\u3044\u3061\u30fb\u3070\u3093\u3011 – best; first<\/li>\n
        4. \u9762\u767d\u3044 \u3010\u304a\u3082\u30fb\u3057\u308d\u30fb\u3044\u3011(i-adj) – interesting<\/li>\n
        5. \u65e5\u672c\u4eba \u3010\u306b\u30fb\u307b\u3093\u30fb\u3058\u3093\u3011 – Japanese person<\/li>\n
        6. \u304a\u9152 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u3055\u3051\u3011 – alcohol<\/li>\n
        7. \u5f31\u3044 \u3010\u3088\u308f\u30fb\u3044\u3011(i-adj) – weak<\/li>\n
        8. \u8a00\u3046 \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to say<\/li>\n
        9. \u672c\u5f53 \u3010\u307b\u3093\u30fb\u3068\u3046\u3011 – real<\/li>\n
        10. \u72ec\u8eab \u3010\u3069\u304f\u30fb\u3057\u3093\u3011 – single; unmarried<\/li>\n
        11. \u5618 \u3010\u3046\u305d\u3011 – lie<\/li>\n
        12. \u30ea\u30d6\u30fc\u30c8 – reboot<\/li>\n
        13. \u30d1\u30bd\u30b3\u30f3 – computer, PC<\/li>\n
        14. \u3053\u3046 – (things are) this way<\/li>\n
        15. \u305d\u3046 – (things are) that way<\/li>\n
        16. \u3042\u3042 – (things are) that way<\/li>\n
        17. \u3069\u3046 – how<\/li>\n
        18. \u518d\u8d77\u52d5 \u3010\u3055\u3044\u30fb\u304d\u30fb\u3069\u3046\u3011 – reboot<\/li>\n
        19. \u3042\u3093\u305f – you (slang)<\/li>\n
        20. \u3044\u3064\u3082 – always<\/li>\n
        21. \u6642 \u3010\u3068\u304d\u3011 – time<\/li>\n
        22. \u6765\u308b \u3010\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (exception) – to come<\/li>\n
        23. \u56f0\u308b \u3010\u3053\u307e\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to be bothered, troubled<\/li>\n
        24. \u4eba \u3010\u3072\u3068\u3011 – person<\/li>\n
        25. \u7d50\u5a5a \u3010\u3051\u3063\u30fb\u3053\u3093\u3011 – marriage<\/li>\n
        26. \u51fa\u6765\u308b \u3010\u3067\u30fb\u304d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to be able to do<\/li>\n
        27. \u5e78\u305b \u3010\u3057\u3042\u308f\u30fb\u305b\u3011 – happiness<\/li>\n
        28. \u306a\u308b (u-verb) – to become<\/li>\n
        29. \u601d\u3046 \u3010\u304a\u3082\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to think<\/li>\n
        30. \u5927\u5b66 \u3010\u3060\u3044\u30fb\u304c\u304f\u3011 – college<\/li>\n
        31. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
        32. \u610f\u5473\u3000\u3010\u3044\u30fb\u307f\u3011 – meaning<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          We learned how to use \u300c\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d to describe what something is known or referred to as. However, we can take this idea even further by attaching two relative clauses. At this point, \u300c\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d is so abstract that it doesn’t even really have a meaning. When a relative clause is encapsulated with \u300c\u3068\u300d, you must have a verb to go along with it and \u300c\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d is simply being used as a generic verb to enable us to talk about any relative clause. This allows us to describe and explain just about anything ranging from a single word to complete sentences. As you can imagine, this construction is quite useful and employed quite often in Japanese.<\/p>\n

          Examples<\/h3>\n
            \n
          1. \u4e3b\u4eba\u516c<\/span>\u304c\u72af\u4eba<\/span>\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span><\/em>\u306e\u304c\u4e00\u756a<\/span>\u9762\u767d\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u3002
            \nThe most interesting thing was that the main character was the criminal.\n<\/li>\n
          2. \u65e5\u672c\u4eba<\/span>\u306f\u304a\u9152<\/span>\u306b\u5f31\u3044<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span><\/em>\u306e\u306f\u672c\u5f53<\/span>\uff1f
            \nIs it true that Japanese people are weak to alcohol?\n<\/li>\n
          3. \u72ec\u8eab<\/span>\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span><\/em>\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5618<\/span>\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\uff1f
            \nIt was a lie that you were single?\n<\/li>\n
          4. \u30ea\u30d6\u30fc\u30c8<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span><\/em>\u306e\u306f\u3001\u30d1\u30bd\u30b3\u30f3<\/span>\u3092\u518d\u8d77\u52d5<\/span>\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span><\/em>\u3053\u3068<\/span>\u3067\u3059\u3002
            \nReboot means to restart your computer.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \nWe can abstract it even further by replacing the relative clause with a generic way of doing something. In this case, we use \u300c\u3053\u3046<\/span>\u300d\u3001\u300c\u305d\u3046<\/span>\u300d\u3001\u300c\u3042\u3042<\/span>\u300d\u3001and \u300c\u3069\u3046<\/span>\u300d, which when combined with \u300c\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d means “this way, “that way”, “that way (far away in an abstract sense)” and “what way” respectively.\n<\/p>\n

            Examples<\/h3>\n
              \n
            1. \u3042\u3093\u305f<\/span>\u306f\u3001\u3044\u3064\u3082<\/span>\u3053\u3046<\/span>\u3044\u3046<\/span><\/em>\u6642<\/span>\u306b\u6765\u308b<\/span>\u3093\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u56f0\u308b<\/span>\u3093\u3060\u3088\u3002
              \nIt’s because you always come at times like these that I’m troubled.\n<\/li>\n
            2. \u305d\u3046<\/span>\u3044\u3046<\/span><\/em>\u4eba<\/span>\u3068\u4e00\u7dd2<\/span>\u306b\u4ed5\u4e8b<\/span>\u3092\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5acc<\/span>\u3060\u3088\u306d\u3002
              \n(Anybody would) dislike doing work together with that type of person, huh?\n<\/li>\n
            3. \u3042\u3042<\/span>\u3044\u3046<\/span><\/em>\u4eba<\/span>\u3068\u7d50\u5a5a<\/span>\u3067\u304d\u305f<\/span>\u3089\u3001\u5e78\u305b<\/span>\u306b\u306a\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u3068\u601d\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/span>\u3002
              \nI think you can become happy if you could marry that type of person.\n<\/li>\n
            4. \u5927\u5b66<\/span>\u306b\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3069\u3046<\/span>\u3044\u3046<\/span><\/em>\u610f\u5473<\/span>\u306a\u306e\uff1f
              \nWhat do you mean, “You’re not going to go to college?”\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Rephrasing and making conclusions with \u300c\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d<\/h2>\n

              Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                \n
              1. \u3042\u3093\u305f – you (slang)<\/li>\n
              2. \u5f7c\u5973 \u3010\u304b\u306e\u30fb\u3058\u3087\u3011 – she; girlfriend<\/li>\n
              3. \u53cb\u9054 \u3010\u3068\u3082\u30fb\u3060\u3061\u3011 – friend<\/li>\n
              4. \u8a00\u3046 \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to say<\/li>\n
              5. \u4f55 \u3010\u306a\u306b\uff0f\u306a\u3093\u3011 – what<\/li>\n
              6. \u304a\u9152 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u3055\u3051\u3011 – alcohol<\/li>\n
              7. \u597d\u304d \u3010\u3059\u30fb\u304d\u3011 (na-adj) – likable<\/li>\n
              8. \u3042\u308b (u-verb) – to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n
              9. \u751f\u304d\u308b \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304d\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to live<\/li>\n
              10. \u591a\u5206 \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3076\u3093\u3011 – maybe<\/li>\n
              11. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
              12. \u601d\u3046 \u3010\u304a\u3082\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to think<\/li>\n
              13. \u304a\u91d1 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u304b\u306d\u3011 – money<\/li>\n
              14. \u3082\u3046 – already<\/li>\n
              15. \u5e30\u308b \u3010\u304b\u3048\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to go home<\/li>\n
              16. \u99c4\u76ee \u3010\u3060\u3081\u3011 – no good<\/li>\n
              17. \u6d0b\u4ecb \u3010\u3088\u3046\u30fb\u3059\u3051\u3011 – Yousuke (first name)<\/li>\n
              18. \u5225\u308c\u308b \u3010\u308f\u304b\u30fb\u308c\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to separate; to break up<\/li>\n
              19. \u3053\u3068 – event, matter<\/li>\n
              20. \u4eca \u3010\u3044\u307e\u3011 – now<\/li>\n
              21. \u5f7c\u6c0f\u3010\u304b\u308c\u30fb\u3057\u3011 – boyfriend<\/li>\n
              22. \u3044\u308b (ru-verb) – to exist (animate)<\/li>\n
              23. \u305d\u3046 – (things are) that way<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                We can attach the question marker \u300c\u304b\u300d to \u300c\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d in order to add a questioning element. This construction is used when you want to rephrase or redefine something such as the following dialogue.<\/p>\n

                Example Dialogue<\/h3>\n

                \uff21\uff1a\u307f\u304d\u3061\u3083\u3093\u306f\u3001\u3042\u3093\u305f<\/span>\u306e\u5f7c\u5973<\/span>\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\uff1f
                \nA: Miki-chan is your girlfriend, right?<\/p>\n

                \uff22\uff1a\u3046\uff5e\u3093\u3001\u5f7c\u5973<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u304b<\/em>\u3001\u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u304b<\/em>\u3001\u306a\u3093<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u304b<\/em>\u30fb\u30fb\u30fb
                \nB:Um, you might say girlfriend, or friend, or something\u2026<\/p>\n

                This construction is used all the time, particularly in casual conversations. It can be used to correct something, come to a different conclusion, or even as an interjection.<\/p>\n

                Examples<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                1. \u304a\u9152<\/span>\u306f\u597d\u304d<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u304b<\/em>\u3001\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3068\u751f\u304d\u3066<\/span>\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                  \nI like alcohol or rather, can’t live on without it.\n<\/li>\n
                2. \u591a\u5206<\/span>\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3068\u601d\u3046<\/span>\u3002\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u304b<\/em>\u3001\u304a\u91d1<\/span>\u304c\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u304b\u3089\u3001\u884c\u3051\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                  \nDon’t think I’ll go. Or rather, can’t because there’s no money.\n<\/li>\n
                3. \u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u304b<\/em>\u3001\u3082\u3046<\/span>\u5e30\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3068\u3060\u3081<\/span>\u3067\u3059\u3051\u3069\u3002
                  \nRather than that, I have to go home already.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Rather than using \u300c\u304b\u300d to rephrase a conclusion, we can also simply use \u300c\u3053\u3068<\/span>\u300d to sum up something without rephrasing anything.<\/p>\n

                  Example Dialogue<\/h3>\n

                  \uff21\uff1a\u307f\u304d\u3061\u3083\u3093\u304c\u6d0b\u4ecb<\/span>\u3068\u5225\u308c\u305f<\/span>\u3093\u3060\u3063\u3066\u3002
                  \nA: I heard that Miki-chan broke up with Yousuke.<\/p>\n

                  \uff22\uff1a\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u3053\u3068<\/span><\/em>\u306f\u3001\u307f\u304d\u3061\u3083\u3093\u306f\u3001\u4eca<\/span>\u5f7c\u6c0f<\/span>\u304c\u3044\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u3053\u3068<\/span><\/em>\uff1f
                  \nB: Does that mean Miki-chan doesn’t have a boyfriend now?<\/p>\n

                  \uff21\uff1a\u305d\u3046<\/span>\u3002\u305d\u3046<\/span>\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u3053\u3068<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                  \nA: That’s right. That’s what it means.<\/p>\n

                  Using \u300c\u3063\u3066\u300d or \u300c\u3066\u300d for \u300c\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d<\/h2>\n

                  Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  1. \u6765\u5e74 \u3010\u3089\u3044\u30fb\u306d\u3093\u3011 – next year<\/li>\n
                  2. \u7559\u5b66 \u3010\u308a\u3085\u3046\u30fb\u304c\u304f\u3011 – study abroad<\/li>\n
                  3. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
                  4. \u8a00\u3046 \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to say<\/li>\n
                  5. \u667a\u5b50 \u3010\u3068\u3082\u30fb\u3053\u3011 – Tomoko (first name)<\/li>\n
                  6. \u3053\u3068 – event, matter<\/li>\n
                  7. \u99c4\u76ee \u3010\u3060\u3081\u3011 – no good<\/li>\n
                  8. \u6642\u9593 \u3010\u3058\u30fb\u304b\u3093\u3011 – time<\/li>\n
                  9. \u3042\u308b (u-verb) – to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n
                  10. \u51fa\u6765\u308b \u3010\u3067\u30fb\u304d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to be able to do<\/li>\n
                  11. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
                  12. \u3044\u3044 (i-adj) – good<\/li>\n
                  13. \u7686 \u3010\u307f\u3093\u306a\u3011 – everybody<\/li>\n
                  14. \u79c1 \u3010\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3011 – me; myself; I<\/li>\n
                  15. \u4eca \u3010\u3044\u307e\u3011 – now<\/li>\n
                  16. \u5f7c\u6c0f\u3010\u304b\u308c\u30fb\u3057\u3011 – boyfriend<\/li>\n
                  17. \u3044\u308b (ru-verb) – to exist (animate)<\/li>\n
                  18. \u3082\u3046 – already<\/li>\n
                  19. \u5e30\u308b \u3010\u304b\u3048\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to go home<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    As mentioned in the previous lesson, \u300c\u3063\u3066\u300d is very often used in causal slang in place of \u300c\u3068\u300d, because it allows us to leave out the rest of the sentence and assume context (or just plain assumption) will take care of the rest. We already saw that we can use \u300c\u3063\u3066\u300d to replace \u300c\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d as well. However, since we just learned how to use \u300c\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d to do much more than just simply say something, there is a limit to just how much you can leave out. In any case, \u300c\u3063\u3066\u300d will allow us to leave out not only \u300c\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u300d but also any accompanying particles as you can see in the following example.<\/p>\n

                    Examples<\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    1. \u6765\u5e74<\/span>\u7559\u5b66<\/span>\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u306e\u306f<\/em>\u3001\u667a\u5b50<\/span>\u306e\u3053\u3068<\/span>\uff1f
                      \nThe studying abroad next year thing, is that Tomoko?\n<\/li>\n
                    2. \u6765\u5e74<\/span>\u7559\u5b66<\/span>\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u3063\u3066<\/em>\u667a\u5b50<\/span>\u306e\u3053\u3068<\/span>\uff1f
                      \nThe studying abroad next year thing, is that Tomoko?\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      \u300c\u3060\u3063\u3066\u300d is also another phrase that leaves out just about everything. By convention, it is used to express disagreement or dissatisfaction usually to whine, complain, or to make an excuse but you can’t tell what it means just from looking at it. It is an abbreviation of something along the lines of \u300c\u3068\u306f\u3044\u3063\u3066<\/span>\u3082\u300d meaning, “even if that was the case”.<\/p>\n

                      Example 1<\/h3>\n

                      \uff21\uff1a\u3057\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3068\u3060\u3081<\/span>\u3060\u3088\u3002
                      \nA: Have to do it, you know.<\/p>\n

                      \uff22\uff1a\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/em>\u3001\u6642\u9593<\/span>\u304c\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u304b\u3089\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3088\u3002
                      \nB: But (even so), can’t do it because there is no time.<\/p>\n

                      Example 2<\/h3>\n

                      \uff21\uff1a\u884c\u304b\u306a\u304f\u3066<\/span>\u3082\u3044\u3044<\/span>\u3088\u3002
                      \nA: Don’t have to go, you know.<\/p>\n

                      \uff22\uff1a\u3060\u3063\u3066<\/em>\u3001\u307f\u3093\u306a<\/span>\u884c\u304f<\/span>\u3063\u3066\u3002\u79c1<\/span>\u3082\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3068\u3002
                      \nB: But (even so), everybody said they’re going. I have to go too.<\/p>\n

                      \nIn some cases, the small \u300c\u3064\u300d is left out and just \u300c\u3066\u300d is used instead of \u300c\u3063\u3066\u300d. This is done (as is usually the case for slang) in order to make things easier to say. In general, this is when there is nothing before the \u300c\u3066\u300d or when the sound that comes before it doesn’t require the explicit separation the \u300c\u3063\u300d gives us in order to be understood.\n<\/p>\n

                      Examples<\/h3>\n
                        \n
                      1. \u3066<\/em>\u3053\u3068<\/span>\u306f\u3001\u307f\u304d\u3061\u3083\u3093\u306f\u3001\u4eca<\/span>\u5f7c\u6c0f<\/span>\u304c\u3044\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3066<\/em>\u3053\u3068<\/span>\uff1f
                        \nDoes that mean Miki-chan doesn’t have a boyfriend now?\n<\/li>\n
                      2. \u3066<\/em>\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u304b\u3001\u3082\u3046<\/span>\u5e30\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3068\u3060\u3081<\/span>\u3067\u3059\u3051\u3069\u3002
                        \nRather than that, I have to go home already.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        \nSince slang tends to be used in whichever way the person feels like, there are no definite rules defining whether you should use \u300c\u3063\u3066\u300d or \u300c\u3066\u300d. However, \u300c\u3066\u300d is generally not used to express what people have actually said or heard, which is why it wasn’t covered in the last lesson.\n<\/p>\n