{"id":249,"date":"2017-10-16T13:34:27","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T17:34:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=249"},"modified":"2017-10-17T14:06:17","modified_gmt":"2017-10-17T18:06:17","slug":"giving-and-receiving-grammar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/favors","title":{"rendered":"Giving and Receiving"},"content":{"rendered":"

Japanese people like gifts<\/h2>\n

Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \u304a\u6b73\u66ae \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u30fb\u307c\u3011 – year-end presents<\/li>\n
  2. \u304a\u4e2d\u5143 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u3061\u3085\u3046\u30fb\u3052\u3093\u3011 – Bon festival gifts<\/li>\n
  3. \u3042\u3052\u308b (ru-verb) – to give; to raise<\/li>\n
  4. \u304f\u308c\u308b (ru-verb) – to give<\/li>\n
  5. \u3082\u3089\u3046 (u-verb) – to receive<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    One thing about Japanese culture is that they’re big on giving gifts. There are many different customs involving giving and receiving gifts (\u304a\u6b73\u66ae<\/span>\u3001\u304a\u4e2d\u5143<\/span>\u3001etc.) and when Japanese people go traveling, you can be sure that they’re going to be picking up souvenirs to take back as gifts. Even when attending marriages or funerals, people are expected to give a certain amount of money as a gift to help fund the ceremony. You can see why properly learning how to express the giving and receiving of favors and items is a very important and useful skill. For some reason, the proper use of \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d\u3001\u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u300d\u3001and \u300c\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span>\u300d has always haunted people studying Japanese as being horribly complex and intractable. I hope to prove in this section that it is conceptually quite straightforward and simple.<\/p>\n

    When to use \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d<\/h2>\n

    Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. \u3042\u3052\u308b (ru-verb) – to give; to raise<\/li>\n
    2. \u79c1 \u3010\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3011 – me; myself; I<\/li>\n
    3. \u53cb\u9054 \u3010\u3068\u3082\u30fb\u3060\u3061\u3011 – friend<\/li>\n
    4. \u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8 – present<\/li>\n
    5. \u3053\u308c – this<\/li>\n
    6. \u5148\u751f \u3010\u305b\u3093\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 – teacher<\/li>\n
    7. \u8eca \u3010\u304f\u308b\u307e\u3011 – car<\/li>\n
    8. \u8cb7\u3046 \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to buy<\/li>\n
    9. \u4ee3\u308f\u308a \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u308f\u308a\u3011 – substitute<\/li>\n
    10. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
    11. \u5b66\u751f \u3010\u304c\u304f\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 – student<\/li>\n
    12. \u7236\u3010\u3061\u3061\u3011 – father<\/li>\n
    13. \u3044\u3044 (i-adj) – good<\/li>\n
    14. \u3053\u3068 – event, matter<\/li>\n
    15. \u6559\u3048\u308b \u3010\u304a\u3057\u30fb\u3048\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to teach; to inform<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d is the Japanese word for “to give” seen from the speaker’s point of view. You must use this verb when you are giving something or doing something for someone else.<\/p>\n

      Examples<\/h3>\n
        \n
      1. \u79c1<\/span>\u304c\u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u306b\u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8<\/span>\u3092\u3042\u3052\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
        \nI gave present to friend.\n<\/li>\n
      2. \u3053\u308c<\/span>\u306f\u5148\u751f<\/span>\u306b\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3002
        \nI’ll give this to teacher.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        In order to express the giving of a favor (verb) you must use the ever useful te-form and then attach \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d. This applies to all the other sections in this lesson as well.\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u8eca<\/span>\u3092\u8cb7\u3063\u3066<\/span>\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3088\u3002
          \nI’ll give you the favor of buying a car.\n<\/li>\n
        2. \u4ee3\u308f\u308a<\/span>\u306b\u884c\u3063\u3066<\/span>\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3002
          \nI’ll give you the favor of going in your place.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          For third-person, this verb is used when the speaker is looking at it from the giver’s point of view. We’ll see the significance of this when we examine the verb \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u300d next.\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u304c\u3053\u308c<\/span>\u3092\u5148\u751f<\/span>\u306b\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3002
            \nThe student give this to teacher. (looking at it from the student’s point of view)\n<\/li>\n
          2. \u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u304c\u7236<\/span>\u306b\u3044\u3044<\/span>\u3053\u3068<\/span>\u3092\u6559\u3048\u3066<\/span>\u3042\u3052\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
            \nFriend gave the favor of teaching something good to my dad. (looking at it from the friend’s point of view)\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Using \u300c\u3084\u308b<\/span>\u300d to mean \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d<\/h3>\n

            Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
              \n
            1. \u72ac \u3010\u3044\u306c\u3011 – dog<\/li>\n
            2. \u990c \u3010\u3048\u3055\u3011 – food for animals<\/li>\n
            3. \u3084\u308b (u-verb) – to do<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Usually used for pets, animals, and such, you can substitute \u300c\u3084\u308b<\/span>\u300d, which normally means “to do”, for \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d. You shouldn’t use this type of \u300c\u3084\u308b\u300d for people because it is used when looking down on someone and can be offensive.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \u72ac<\/span>\u306b\u990c<\/span>\u3092\u3084\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/em>\uff1f
                \nDid you give the dog food?\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Here, \u300c\u3084\u308b<\/span>\u300d does not mean “to do” but “to give”. You can tell because “doing food to dog” doesn’t make any sense.<\/p>\n

                When to use \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u300d<\/h2>\n

                Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                1. \u304f\u308c\u308b (ru-verb) – to give<\/li>\n
                2. \u53cb\u9054 \u3010\u3068\u3082\u30fb\u3060\u3061\u3011 – friend<\/li>\n
                3. \u79c1 \u3010\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3011 – me; myself; I<\/li>\n
                4. \u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8 – present<\/li>\n
                5. \u3053\u308c – this<\/li>\n
                6. \u5148\u751f \u3010\u305b\u3093\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 – teacher<\/li>\n
                7. \u8eca \u3010\u304f\u308b\u307e\u3011 – car<\/li>\n
                8. \u8cb7\u3046 \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to buy<\/li>\n
                9. \u4ee3\u308f\u308a \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u308f\u308a\u3011 – substitute<\/li>\n
                10. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
                11. \u5b66\u751f \u3010\u304c\u304f\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 – student<\/li>\n
                12. \u7236\u3010\u3061\u3061\u3011 – father<\/li>\n
                13. \u3044\u3044 (i-adj) – good<\/li>\n
                14. \u3053\u3068 – event, matter<\/li>\n
                15. \u6559\u3048\u308b \u3010\u304a\u3057\u30fb\u3048\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to teach; to inform<\/li>\n
                16. \u3042\u3052\u308b (ru-verb) – to give; to raise<\/li>\n
                17. \u5168\u90e8 \u3010\u305c\u3093\u30fb\u3076\u3011 – everything<\/li>\n
                18. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u300d is also a verb meaning “to give” but unlike \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d, it is from the receiver’s point of view. You must use this verb when someone else<\/i> is giving something or doing something for you (effectively the opposite of \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d).<\/p>\n

                  Examples<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  1. \u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u304c\u79c1<\/span>\u306b\u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8<\/span>\u3092\u304f\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                    \nFriend gave present to me.\n<\/li>\n
                  2. \u3053\u308c<\/span>\u306f\u3001\u5148\u751f<\/span>\u304c\u304f\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                    \nTeacher gave this to me.\n<\/li>\n
                  3. \u8eca<\/span>\u3092\u8cb7\u3063\u3066<\/span>\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u306e\uff1f
                    \nYou’ll give me the favor of buying a car for me?\n<\/li>\n
                  4. \u4ee3\u308f\u308a<\/span>\u306b\u884c\u3063\u3066<\/span>\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/em>\uff1f
                    \nWill you give me the favor of going in my place?\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Similarly, when used in the third-person, the speaker is speaking from the receiver’s point of view and not the giver.\n<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. \u5148\u751f<\/span>\u304c\u3053\u308c<\/span>\u3092\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u306b\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                      \nThe teacher give this to student. (looking at it from the student’s point of view)\n<\/li>\n
                    2. \u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u304c\u7236<\/span>\u306b\u3044\u3044<\/span>\u3053\u3068<\/span>\u3092\u6559\u3048\u3066<\/span>\u304f\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                      \nFriend gave favor of teaching something good to my dad. (looking at it from the dad’s point of view)\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      \nThe following diagram illustrates the direction of giving from the point of view of the speaker.<\/p>\n

                      \"Favor\n<\/p>\n

                      From the speaker’s point of view, all the giving done to others “go up” to everybody else while the giving done by everybody else “goes down” to the speaker. This is probably related to the fact that there is an identical verb \u300c\u4e0a\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d meaning “to raise” that contains the character for “above” \uff08\u4e0a<\/span>\uff09 and that the honorific version of \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u300d is \u300c\u4e0b\u3055\u308b<\/span>\u300d with the character for down \uff08\u4e0b<\/span>\uff09. This restriction allows us to make certain deductions from vague sentences like the following:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \u5148\u751f<\/span>\u304c\u6559\u3048\u3066<\/span>\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3093\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002
                        \nTeacher, will you be the one to give favor of teaching to… [anybody other than the speaker]?\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \nBecause all giving done to the speaker must always use \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u300d, we know that the teacher must be doing it for someone else and not the speaker<\/i>. The speaker is also looking at it from the teacher’s point of view as doing a favor for someone else.\n<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \u5148\u751f<\/span>\u304c\u6559\u3048\u3066<\/span>\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3093\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002
                          \nTeacher, will you be the one to give favor of teaching to… [anybody including the speaker]?\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Because the giver is not the speaker, the teacher is either giving to the speaker or anyone else. The speaker is viewing it from the receiver’s point of view as receiving a favor done by the teacher.<\/p>\n

                          Let’s see some mistakes to watch out for.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • \u79c1<\/span>\u304c\u5168\u90e8<\/span>\u98df\u3079\u3066<\/span>\u304f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span><\/strike><\/em>\u3002
                            \n\u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u300d is being used as giving done by the speaker. (Wrong)\n<\/li>\n
                          • \u79c1<\/span>\u304c\u5168\u90e8<\/span>\u98df\u3079\u3066<\/span>\u3042\u3052\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                            \nI gave favor of eating it all. (Correct)\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                              \n
                            • \u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u304c\u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8<\/span>\u3092\u79c1<\/span>\u306b\u3042\u3052\u305f<\/span><\/strike><\/em>\u3002
                              \n\u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d is being used as giving to the speaker. (Wrong)\n<\/li>\n
                            • \n\u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u304c\u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8<\/span>\u3092\u79c1<\/span>\u306b\u304f\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002- Friend gave present to me. (Correct)\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              When to use \u300c\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span>\u300d<\/h2>\n

                              Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                                \n
                              1. \u79c1 \u3010\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3011 – me; myself; I<\/li>\n
                              2. \u53cb\u9054 \u3010\u3068\u3082\u30fb\u3060\u3061\u3011 – friend<\/li>\n
                              3. \u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8 – present<\/li>\n
                              4. \u3082\u3089\u3046 (u-verb) – to receive<\/li>\n
                              5. \u3053\u308c – this<\/li>\n
                              6. \u8cb7\u3046 \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to buy<\/li>\n
                              7. \u5bbf\u984c \u3010\u3057\u3085\u304f\u30fb\u3060\u3044\u3011 – homework<\/li>\n
                              8. \u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af – check<\/li>\n
                              9. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
                              10. \u6642\u9593 \u3010\u3058\u30fb\u304b\u3093\u3011 – time<\/li>\n
                              11. \u3042\u308b (u-verb) – to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n
                              12. \u7121\u7406 \u3010\u3080\u30fb\u308a\u3011 – impossible<\/li>\n
                              13. \u305d\u306e – that \uff08abbr. of \u305d\u308c\u306e\uff09<\/li>\n
                              14. \u6642\u8a08 \u3010\u3068\u30fb\u3051\u3044\u3011 – watch; clock<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                \u300c\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span>\u300d meaning, “to receive” has only one version unlike \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\uff0f\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u300d so there’s very little to explain. One thing to point out is that since you receive from<\/i> someone, \u300c\u304b\u3089\u300d is also appropriate in addition to the \u300c\u306b\u300d target particle.<\/p>\n

                                Examples<\/h3>\n
                                  \n
                                1. \u79c1<\/span>\u304c\u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u306b<\/em>\u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8<\/span>\u3092\u3082\u3089\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                                  \nI received present from friend.\n<\/li>\n
                                2. \u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u304b\u3089<\/em>\u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8<\/span>\u3092\u3082\u3089\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                                  \nI received present from friend.\n<\/li>\n
                                3. \u3053\u308c<\/span>\u306f\u53cb\u9054<\/span>\u306b\u8cb7\u3063\u3066<\/span>\u3082\u3089\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                                  \nAbout this, received the favor of buying it from friend.\n<\/li>\n
                                4. \u5bbf\u984c<\/span>\u3092\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af<\/span>\u3057\u3066<\/span>\u3082\u3089\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3051\u3069\u3001\u6642\u9593<\/span>\u304c\u306a\u304f\u3066<\/span>\u7121\u7406<\/span>\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002
                                  \nI wanted to receive the favor of checking homework but there was no time and it was impossible.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  \n\u300c\u3082\u3089\u3046\u300d is seen from the perspective of the receiver, so in the case of first-person, others usually don’t receive things from you. However, you might want to use \u300c\u79c1<\/span>\u304b\u3089\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span>\u300d when you want to emphasize that fact that the other person received it from you. For instance, if you wanted to say, “Hey, I gave<\/em> you that!” you would use \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d. However, you would use \u300c\u3082\u3089\u3046<\/span>\u300d if you wanted to say, “Hey, you got<\/em> that from me!”\n<\/p>\n