{"id":262,"date":"2017-10-16T14:13:19","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T18:13:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=262"},"modified":"2022-02-19T19:37:36","modified_gmt":"2022-02-20T00:37:36","slug":"causative-and-passive-verbs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/causepass","title":{"rendered":"Causative and Passive Verbs"},"content":{"rendered":"

We will now learn the last two major types of verb conjugations: causative and passive forms. These two verb conjugations are traditionally covered together because of the notorious causative-passive combination. We will now go over what all these things are and how they are used.<\/p>\n

Causative Verbs<\/h2>\n

Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \u3042\u3052\u308b (ru-verb) – to give; to raise<\/li>\n
  2. \u304f\u308c\u308b (ru-verb) – to give<\/li>\n
  3. \u5168\u90e8 \u3010\u305c\u3093\u30fb\u3076\u3011 – everything<\/li>\n
  4. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
  5. \u7740\u308b \u3010\u304d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to wear<\/li>\n
  6. \u4fe1\u3058\u308b \u3010\u3057\u3093\u30fb\u3058\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to believe<\/li>\n
  7. \u5bdd\u308b \u3010\u306d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to sleep<\/li>\n
  8. \u8d77\u304d\u308b \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u304d\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to wake; to occur<\/li>\n
  9. \u51fa\u308b \u3010\u3067\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to come out<\/li>\n
  10. \u639b\u3051\u308b \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u3051\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to hang<\/li>\n
  11. \u6368\u3066\u308b \u3010\u3059\u30fb\u3066\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to throw away<\/li>\n
  12. \u8abf\u3079\u308b \u3010\u3057\u3089\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to investigate<\/li>\n
  13. \u8a71\u3059 \u3010\u306f\u306a\u30fb\u3059\u3011 (u-verb) – to speak<\/li>\n
  14. \u805e\u304f \u3010\u304d\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to ask; to listen<\/li>\n
  15. \u6cf3\u3050 \u3010\u304a\u3088\u30fb\u3050\u3011 (u-verb) – to swim<\/li>\n
  16. \u904a\u3076 \u3010\u3042\u305d\u30fb\u3076\u3011 (u-verb) – to play<\/li>\n
  17. \u5f85\u3064 \u3010\u307e\u30fb\u3064\u3011 (u-verb) – to wait<\/li>\n
  18. \u98f2\u3080 \u3010\u306e\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) – to drink<\/li>\n
  19. \u76f4\u308b \u3010\u306a\u304a\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to be fixed<\/li>\n
  20. \u6b7b\u306c \u3010\u3057\u30fb\u306c\u3011 (u-verb) – to die<\/li>\n
  21. \u8cb7\u3046 \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to buy<\/li>\n
  22. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
  23. \u6765\u308b \u3010\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (exception) – to come<\/li>\n
  24. \u5148\u751f \u3010\u305b\u3093\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 – teacher<\/li>\n
  25. \u5b66\u751f \u3010\u304c\u304f\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 – student<\/li>\n
  26. \u5bbf\u984c \u3010\u3057\u3085\u304f\u30fb\u3060\u3044\u3011 – homework<\/li>\n
  27. \u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093 – a lot (amount)<\/li>\n
  28. \u8cea\u554f \u3010\u3057\u3064\u30fb\u3082\u3093\u3011 – question<\/li>\n
  29. \u4eca\u65e5 \u3010\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 – today<\/li>\n
  30. \u4ed5\u4e8b \u3010\u3057\u30fb\u3054\u3068\u3011 – job<\/li>\n
  31. \u4f11\u3080 \u3010\u3084\u3059\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) – to rest<\/li>\n
  32. \u305d\u306e – abbreviation of \u300c\u305d\u308c\u306e\u300d<\/li>\n
  33. \u90e8\u9577 \u3010\u3076\u30fb\u3061\u3087\u3046\u3011 – section manager<\/li>\n
  34. \u3044\u3044 (i-adj) – good<\/li>\n
  35. \u9577\u6642\u9593 \u3010\u3061\u3087\u3046\u30fb\u3058\u30fb\u304b\u3093\u3011 – long period of time<\/li>\n
  36. \u50cd\u304f \u3010\u306f\u305f\u3089\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to work<\/li>\n
  37. \u30c8\u30a4\u30ec – bathroom; toilet<\/li>\n
  38. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Verbs conjugated into the causative form are used to indicate an action that someone makes happen. Like Captain Picard so succinctly puts it, the causative verb means to “make it so”. This verb is usually used in the context of making somebody do something. The really confusing thing about the causative verb is that it can also mean to let<\/i> someone do something. Or maybe this is a different type of verb with the exact same conjugation rules. Whichever the case may be, a verb in the causative form can mean either making or letting someone do something. The only good news is that when the causative form is used with \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d and \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u300d, it almost always means to “let someone do”. Once you get used to it, surprisingly, it becomes quite clear which meaning is being used when.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u5168\u90e8<\/span>\u98df\u3079\u3055\u305b\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
      \nMade\/Let<\/em> (someone) eat it all.<\/li>\n
    2. \u5168\u90e8<\/span>\u98df\u3079\u3055\u305b\u3066<\/span>\u304f\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
      \nLet <\/em>(someone) eat it all.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      Causative Conjugation Rules<\/span>
      \nHere are the conjugation rules for the causative form. All causative verbs become ru-verbs. <\/p>\n
        \n
      • For ru-verbs:<\/b> Replace the last \u300c\u308b\u300d with \u300c\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d.<\/li>\n
      • For u-verbs:<\/b> Change the last character as you would for negative verbs but attach \u300c\u305b\u308b\u300d instead of \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d.<\/li>\n
      • Exception Verbs:<\/b>\n
          \n
        1. \u300c\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u300d becomes \u300c\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/span>\u300d<\/li>\n
        2. \u300c\u304f\u308b<\/span>\u300d becomes \u300c\u3053\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/span>\u300d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
          \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          Sample ru-verbs<\/caption>\n
          Plain<\/th>\nCausative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u98df\u3079\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u98df\u3079\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u7740\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u7740\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u4fe1\u3058\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u4fe1\u3058\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u5bdd\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u5bdd\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u8d77\u304d\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u8d77\u304d\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u51fa\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u51fa\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u639b\u3051\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u639b\u3051\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u6368\u3066\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u6368\u3066\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u8abf\u3079\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u8abf\u3079\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n    <\/td>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          Sample u-verbs<\/caption>\n
          Plain<\/th>\nCausative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u8a71\u3059<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u8a71\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u805e\u304f<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u805e\u304b\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u6cf3\u3050<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u6cf3\u304c\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u904a\u3076<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u904a\u3070\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u5f85\u3064<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u5f85\u305f\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u98f2\u3080<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u98f2\u307e\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u76f4\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u76f4\u3089\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u6b7b\u306c<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u6b7b\u306a\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u8cb7\u3046<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u8cb7<\/u>\u308f\u305b\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n    <\/td>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          Exception Verbs<\/caption>\n
          Positive<\/th>\nCausative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u3059\u308b<\/span><\/td>\n\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u304f\u308b<\/span><\/td>\n\u3053\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          Examples<\/h3>\n

          Here are some examples using the causative verb. Context will usually tell you which is being meant, but for our purposes we will assume that when the verb is used with \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/span>\u300d and \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u300d\uff08\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>\uff09 it means “to let<\/u> someone do” while it means, “to make<\/u> someone do” when used without it.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u5148\u751f<\/span>\u304c\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u306b\u5bbf\u984c<\/span>\u3092\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093<\/span>\u3055\u305b\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
            \nTeacher made students do lots of homework.<\/li>\n
          2. \u5148\u751f<\/span>\u304c\u8cea\u554f<\/span>\u3092\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093<\/span>\u805e\u304b\u305b\u3066<\/span>\u304f\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
            \nTeacher let (someone) ask lots of questions.<\/li>\n
          3. \u4eca\u65e5<\/span>\u306f\u4ed5\u4e8b<\/span>\u3092\u4f11\u307e\u305b\u3066<\/span>\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3002
            \nPlease let me rest from work today. (Please let me take the day off today.)<\/li>\n
          4. \u305d\u306e<\/span>\u90e8\u9577<\/span>\u306f\u3001\u3088\u304f<\/span>\u9577\u6642\u9593<\/span>\u50cd\u304b\u305b\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3002
            \nThat manager often makes (people) work long hours.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            When asking for permission to let someone do something, it is more common to use the \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044<\/span>\u300d grammar.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \u30c8\u30a4\u30ec<\/span>\u306b\u884c\u304b\u305b\u3066<\/span>\u304f\u308c\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/em>\u304b\u3002
              \nCan you let me go to the bathroom? (Sounds like a prisoner, even in English)<\/li>\n
            2. \u30c8\u30a4\u30ec<\/span>\u306b\u884c\u3063\u3066<\/span>\u3082\u3044\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002
              \nIs it ok to go to the bathroom? (No problem here)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              A Shorter Alternative<\/h3>\n

              Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                \n
              1. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
              2. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
              3. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
              4. \u6765\u308b \u3010\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (exception) – to come<\/li>\n
              5. \u540c\u3058 \u3010\u304a\u306a\u30fb\u3058\u3011 – same<\/li>\n
              6. \u3053\u3068 – event, matter<\/li>\n
              7. \u4f55\u56de \u3010\u306a\u3093\u30fb\u304b\u3044\u3011 – how many times<\/li>\n
              8. \u8a00\u3046 \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to say<\/li>\n
              9. \u304a\u8179 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u306a\u304b\u3011 – stomach<\/li>\n
              10. \u7a7a\u304f \u3010\u3042\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to become empty<\/li>\n
              11. \u4f55 \u3010\u306a\u306b\uff0f\u306a\u3093\u3011 – what<\/li>\n
              12. \u304f\u308c\u308b (ru-verb) – to give<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                There is a shorter version of the causative conjugation, which I will go over for completeness. However, since this version is mostly used in very rough slang, you are free to skip this section until you’ve had time to get used to the regular form. Also, textbooks usually don’t cover this version of the causative verb.<\/p>\n

                The key difference in this version is that all verbs become an u-verbs with a \u300c\u3059\u300d ending. Therefore, the resulting verb would conjugate just like any other u-verb ending in \u300c\u3059\u300d such as \u300c\u8a71\u3059<\/span>\u300d or \u300c\u6307\u3059<\/span>\u300d. The first part of the conjugation is the same as the original causative form. However, for ru-verbs, instead of attaching \u300c\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d, you attach \u300c\u3055\u3059\u300d and for u-verbs, you attach \u300c\u3059\u300d instead of \u300c\u305b\u308b\u300d. As a result, all the verbs become an u-verb ending in \u300c\u3059\u300d.<\/p>\n

                Shortened Causative Form<\/span> <\/p>\n
                  \n
                • This form is rarely used so you may just want to stick with the more traditional version of the causative form.\n
                    \n
                  • For ru-verbs:<\/b> Replace the last \u300c\u308b\u300d with \u300c\u3055\u3059\u300d.
                    \nExample
                    \n\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u3055\u3059<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
                  • For u-verbs:<\/b> Change the last character as you would for negative verbs but attach \u300c\u3059\u300d instead of \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d.
                    \nExample
                    \n\u884c\u304f<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u884c\u304b<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u884c\u304b\u3059<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
                  • Exception Verbs:<\/b>\n
                      \n
                    1. \u300c\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u300d becomes \u300c\u3055\u3059<\/span>\u300d<\/li>\n
                    2. \u300c\u304f\u308b<\/span>\u300d becomes \u300c\u3053\u3055\u3059<\/span>\u300d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

                      Examples<\/h3>\n
                        \n
                      1. \u540c\u3058<\/span>\u3053\u3068<\/span>\u3092\u4f55\u56de<\/span>\u3082\u8a00\u308f\u3059<\/span>\u306a<\/em>\uff01
                        \nDon’t make me say the same thing again and again!<\/li>\n
                      2. \u304a\u8179<\/span>\u7a7a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u3093\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u306a\u3093\u304b<\/span>\u98df\u3079\u3055\u3057\u3066<\/span><\/em>\u304f\u308c<\/span>\u3088\u3002
                        \nI’m hungry so let me eat something.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Passive Verbs<\/h2>\n

                        Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                          \n
                        1. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
                        2. \u7740\u308b \u3010\u304d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to wear<\/li>\n
                        3. \u4fe1\u3058\u308b \u3010\u3057\u3093\u30fb\u3058\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to believe<\/li>\n
                        4. \u5bdd\u308b \u3010\u306d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to sleep<\/li>\n
                        5. \u8d77\u304d\u308b \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u304d\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to wake; to occur<\/li>\n
                        6. \u51fa\u308b \u3010\u3067\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to come out<\/li>\n
                        7. \u639b\u3051\u308b \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u3051\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to hang<\/li>\n
                        8. \u6368\u3066\u308b \u3010\u3059\u30fb\u3066\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to throw away<\/li>\n
                        9. \u8abf\u3079\u308b \u3010\u3057\u3089\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to investigate<\/li>\n
                        10. \u8a71\u3059 \u3010\u306f\u306a\u30fb\u3059\u3011 (u-verb) – to speak<\/li>\n
                        11. \u805e\u304f \u3010\u304d\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to ask; to listen<\/li>\n
                        12. \u6cf3\u3050 \u3010\u304a\u3088\u30fb\u3050\u3011 (u-verb) – to swim<\/li>\n
                        13. \u904a\u3076 \u3010\u3042\u305d\u30fb\u3076\u3011 (u-verb) – to play<\/li>\n
                        14. \u5f85\u3064 \u3010\u307e\u30fb\u3064\u3011 (u-verb) – to wait<\/li>\n
                        15. \u98f2\u3080 \u3010\u306e\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) – to drink<\/li>\n
                        16. \u76f4\u308b \u3010\u306a\u304a\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to be fixed<\/li>\n
                        17. \u6b7b\u306c \u3010\u3057\u30fb\u306c\u3011 (u-verb) – to die<\/li>\n
                        18. \u8cb7\u3046 \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to buy<\/li>\n
                        19. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
                        20. \u6765\u308b \u3010\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (exception) – to come<\/li>\n
                        21. \u30dd\u30ea\u30c3\u30b8 – porridge<\/li>\n
                        22. \u8ab0 \u3010\u3060\u308c\u3011 – who<\/li>\n
                        23. \u7686 \u3010\u307f\u3093\u306a\u3011 – everybody<\/li>\n
                        24. \u5909 \u3010\u3078\u3093\u3011 (na-adj) – strange<\/li>\n
                        25. \u8a00\u3046 \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to say<\/li>\n
                        26. \u5149 \u3010\u3072\u304b\u308a\u3011 – light<\/li>\n
                        27. \u901f\u3044 \u3010\u306f\u3084\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – fast<\/li>\n
                        28. \u8d85\u3048\u308b \u3010\u3053\u30fb\u3048\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to exceed<\/li>\n
                        29. \u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd \u3010\u3075\u30fb\u304b\u30fb\u306e\u3046\u3011 – impossible<\/li>\n
                        30. \u601d\u3046 \u3010\u304a\u3082\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to think<\/li>\n
                        31. \u3053\u306e – this \uff08abbr. of \u3053\u308c\u306e\uff09<\/li>\n
                        32. \u6559\u79d1\u66f8 \u3010\u304d\u3087\u3046\u30fb\u304b\u30fb\u3057\u3087\u3011 – textbook<\/li>\n
                        33. \u591a\u3044 \u3010\u304a\u304a\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – numerous<\/li>\n
                        34. \u4eba \u3010\u3072\u3068\u3011 – person<\/li>\n
                        35. \u8aad\u3080 \u3010\u3088\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) – to read<\/li>\n
                        36. \u5916\u56fd\u4eba \u3010\u304c\u3044\u30fb\u3053\u304f\u30fb\u3058\u3093\u3011 – foreigner<\/li>\n
                        37. \u8cea\u554f \u3010\u3057\u3064\u30fb\u3082\u3093\u3011 – question<\/li>\n
                        38. \u7b54\u3048\u308b \u3010\u3053\u305f\u30fb\u3048\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to answer<\/li>\n
                        39. \u30d1\u30c3\u30b1\u30fc\u30b8 – package<\/li>\n
                        40. \u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b – all<\/li>\n
                        41. \u542b\u3080 \u3010\u3075\u304f\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) – to include<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Passive verbs are verbs that are done to the (passive) subject. Unlike English style of writing which discourages the use of the passive form, passive verbs in Japanese are often used in essays and articles.<\/p>\n

                          Passive Conjugation Rules<\/span>
                          \nAll passive verbs become ru-verbs. <\/p>\n
                            \n
                          • For ru-verbs:<\/b> Replace the last \u300c\u308b\u300d with \u300c\u3089\u308c\u308b\u300d<\/li>\n
                          • For u-verbs:<\/b> Change the last character as you would for negative verbs but attach \u300c\u308c\u308b\u300d instead of \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d.<\/li>\n
                          • Exception Verbs:<\/b>\n
                              \n
                            1. \u300c\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u300d becomes \u300c\u3055\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u300d<\/li>\n
                            2. \u300c\u304f\u308b<\/span>\u300d becomes \u300c\u3053\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u300d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

                               <\/p>\n

                              <\/p>\n\n\n\n
                              \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              Sample ru-verbs<\/caption>\n
                              Plain<\/th>\nPassive<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u98df\u3079\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u7740\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u7740\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u4fe1\u3058\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u4fe1\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u5bdd\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u5bdd\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u8d77\u304d\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u8d77\u304d\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u51fa\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u51fa\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u639b\u3051\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u639b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u6368\u3066\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u6368\u3066\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u8abf\u3079\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u8abf\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n    <\/td>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              Sample u-verbs<\/caption>\n
                              Plain<\/th>\nPassive<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u8a71\u3059<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u8a71\u3055\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u805e\u304f<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u805e\u304b\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u6cf3\u3050<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u6cf3\u304c\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u904a\u3076<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u904a\u3070\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u5f85\u3064<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u5f85\u305f\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u98f2\u3080<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u98f2\u307e\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u76f4\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u76f4\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u6b7b\u306c<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u6b7b\u306a\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u8cb7\u3046<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n\u8cb7<\/u>\u308f\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n    <\/td>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              Exception Verbs<\/caption>\n
                              Positive<\/th>\nPassive<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u3059\u308b<\/span><\/td>\n\u3055\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u304f\u308b<\/span><\/td>\n\u3053\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                               <\/p>\n

                              <\/center> <\/p>\n

                              Examples<\/h3>\n
                                \n
                              1. \u30dd\u30ea\u30c3\u30b8<\/span>\u304c\u8ab0\u304b<\/span>\u306b\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/em>\uff01
                                \nThe porridge was eaten by somebody!<\/li>\n
                              2. \u307f\u3093\u306a<\/span>\u306b\u5909<\/span>\u3060\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                                \nI am told by everybody that (I’m) strange.<\/li>\n
                              3. \u5149<\/span>\u306e\u901f\u3055<\/span>\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b<\/span>\u306e\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\u3060\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                                \nExceeding the speed of light is thought to be impossible.<\/li>\n
                              4. \u3053\u306e<\/span>\u6559\u79d1\u66f8<\/span>\u306f\u591a\u304f<\/span>\u306e\u4eba<\/span>\u306b\u8aad\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                                \nThis textbook is being read by a large number of people.<\/li>\n
                              5. \u5916\u56fd\u4eba<\/span>\u306b\u8cea\u554f<\/span>\u3092\u805e\u304b\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u304c\u3001\u7b54\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u3002
                                \nI was asked a question by a foreigner but I couldn’t answer.<\/li>\n
                              6. \u3053\u306e<\/span>\u30d1\u30c3\u30b1\u30fc\u30b8<\/span>\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b<\/span>\u3082\u306e\u304c<\/span>\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u3002<\/em>
                                \nEverything is included in this package.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                Using passive form to show politeness<\/h2>\n

                                Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                                  \n
                                1. \u3069\u3046 – how<\/li>\n
                                2. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
                                3. \u9818\u53ce\u8a3c \u3010\u308a\u3087\u3046\u30fb\u3057\u3085\u3046\u30fb\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3011 – receipt<\/li>\n
                                4. \u660e\u65e5 \u3010\u3042\u3057\u305f\u3011 – tomorrow<\/li>\n
                                5. \u4f1a\u8b70 \u3010\u304b\u3044\u30fb\u304e\u3011 – meeting<\/li>\n
                                6. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  While we will go over various types of grammar that express a politeness level above the normal -masu\/-desu forms in the next lesson, it is useful to know that using passive form is another more polite way to express an action. In Japanese, a sentence is usually more polite when it is less direct. For example, it is more polite to refer to someone by his or her name and not by the direct pronoun “you”. It is also more polite to ask a negative question than a positive one. (For example, \u300c\u3057\u307e\u3059\u304b\uff1f\u300d vs. \u300c \u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304b\uff1f\u300d) In a similar sense, using the passive form makes the sentence less direct because the subject does not directly perform the action. This makes it sound more polite. Here is the same sentence in increasing degrees of politeness.<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. \u3069\u3046<\/span>\u3059\u308b<\/span><\/em>\uff1f – What will you do? (lit: How do?)<\/li>\n
                                  2. \u3069\u3046<\/span>\u3057\u307e\u3059<\/span>\u304b<\/em>\uff1f – Regular polite.<\/li>\n
                                  3. \u3069\u3046<\/span>\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059<\/span>\u304b<\/em>\uff1f- Passive polite.<\/li>\n
                                  4. \u3069\u3046<\/span>\u306a\u3055\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/span>\u304b<\/em>\uff1f- Honorific (to be covered next lesson)<\/li>\n
                                  5. \u3069\u3046<\/span>\u306a\u3055\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/span>\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b<\/em>\uff1f- Honorific + a lesser degree of certainty.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    Notice how the same sentence grows longer and longer as you get more and more indirect.<\/p>\n

                                    Examples<\/h3>\n
                                      \n
                                    1. \u9818\u53ce\u8a3c<\/span>\u306f\u3069\u3046<\/span>\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/em>\u304b\uff1f
                                      \nWhat about your receipt? (lit: How will you do receipt?)<\/li>\n
                                    2. \u660e\u65e5<\/span>\u306e\u4f1a\u8b70<\/span>\u306b\u884c\u304b\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3093\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f
                                      \nAre you going to tomorrow’s meeting?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      Causative-Passive Forms<\/h2>\n

                                      Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                                        \n
                                      1. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
                                      2. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
                                      3. \u671d\u3054\u98ef \u3010\u3042\u3055\u30fb\u3054\u30fb\u306f\u3093\u3011 – breakfast<\/li>\n
                                      4. \u65e5\u672c \u3010\u306b\u30fb\u307b\u3093\u3011 – Japan<\/li>\n
                                      5. \u304a\u9152 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u3055\u3051\u3011 – alcohol<\/li>\n
                                      6. \u98f2\u3080 \u3010\u306e\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) – to drink<\/li>\n
                                      7. \u3053\u3068 – event, matter<\/li>\n
                                      8. \u591a\u3044 \u3010\u304a\u304a\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – numerous<\/li>\n
                                      9. \u3042\u3044\u3064 – that guy (derogatory)<\/li>\n
                                      10. \uff5e\u6642\u9593 \u3010\uff5e\u3058\u30fb\u304b\u3093\u3011 – counter for span of hour(s)<\/li>\n
                                      11. \u5f85\u3064 \u3010\u307e\u30fb\u3064\u3011 (u-verb) – to wait<\/li>\n
                                      12. \u89aa \u3010\u304a\u3084\u3011 – parent<\/li>\n
                                      13. \u5bbf\u984c \u3010\u3057\u3085\u304f\u30fb\u3060\u3044\u3011 – homework<\/li>\n
                                      14. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        The causative-passive form is simply the combination of causative and passive conjugations to mean that the action of making someone do something was done to that person. This would effectively translate into, “[someone] is made to do [something]”. The important thing to remember is the order of conjugation. The verb is first conjugated to the causative and then passive, never the other way around.<\/p>\n

                                        Causative-Passive Conjugation Form<\/span>
                                        \nThe causative-passive verb is formed by first conjugating to the causative form and then by conjugating the result to the passive form.
                                        \nExamples <\/p>\n
                                          \n
                                        1. \u98df\u3079\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u3055\u305b\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
                                        2. \u884c\u304f<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u884c\u304b\u305b\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u884c\u304b\u305b\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                                          Examples<\/h3>\n
                                            \n
                                          1. \u671d\u3054\u98ef<\/span>\u306f\u98df\u3079\u305f\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u306e\u306b\u3001\u98df\u3079\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                                            \nDespite not wanting to eat breakfast, I was made to eat<\/em> it.<\/li>\n
                                          2. \u65e5\u672c<\/span>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u304a\u9152<\/span>\u3092\u98f2\u307e\u305b\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3053\u3068<\/span>\u304c\u591a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                                            \nIn Japan, the event of being made to drink<\/em> is numerous.<\/li>\n
                                          3. \u3042\u3044\u3064<\/span>\u306b\u4e8c\u6642\u9593<\/span>\u3082\u5f85\u305f\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                                            \nI was made to wait<\/em> 2 hours by that guy.<\/li>\n
                                          4. \u89aa<\/span>\u306b\u6bce\u65e5<\/span>\u5bbf\u984c<\/span>\u3092\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                                            \nI am made to do homework<\/em> everyday by my parent(s).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                            A Shorter Alternative<\/h3>\n

                                            Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                                              \n
                                            1. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
                                            2. \u7acb\u3064 \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3064\u3011 (u-verb) – to stand<\/li>\n
                                            3. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
                                            4. \u8a71\u3059 \u3010\u306f\u306a\u30fb\u3059\u3011 (u-verb) – to speak<\/li>\n
                                            5. \u5b66\u751f \u3010\u304c\u304f\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 – student<\/li>\n
                                            6. \u5eca\u4e0b \u3010\u308d\u3046\u30fb\u304b\u3011 – hall, corridor<\/li>\n
                                            7. \u65e5\u672c \u3010\u306b\u30fb\u307b\u3093\u3011 – Japan<\/li>\n
                                            8. \u304a\u9152 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u3055\u3051\u3011 – alcohol<\/li>\n
                                            9. \u98f2\u3080 \u3010\u306e\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) – to drink<\/li>\n
                                            10. \u3053\u3068 – event, matter<\/li>\n
                                            11. \u591a\u3044 \u3010\u304a\u304a\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – numerous<\/li>\n
                                            12. \u3042\u3044\u3064 – that guy (derogatory)<\/li>\n
                                            13. \uff5e\u6642\u9593 \u3010\uff5e\u3058\u30fb\u304b\u3093\u3011 – counter for span of hour(s)<\/li>\n
                                            14. \u5f85\u3064 \u3010\u307e\u30fb\u3064\u3011 (u-verb) – to wait<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                              Going along with the shorter causative alternative, you can also use the same conjugation for the causative-passive form. I won’t cover it in too much detail because the usefulness of this form is rather limited just like the shorter causative form itself. The idea is to simply used the shortened causative form instead of using the regular causative conjugation. The rest is the same as before.<\/p>\n

                                              Shortened causative-passive form examples<\/span>
                                              \nFirst conjugate to the shortened causative form. Then conjugate to the passive form.
                                              \nExamples <\/p>\n
                                                \n
                                              1. \u884c\u304f<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u884c\u304b<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u884c\u304b\u3059<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u884c\u304b\u3055\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
                                              2. \u7acb\u3064<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u7acb\u305f<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u7acb\u305f\u3059<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u7acb\u305f\u3055\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                                                This form cannot be used in cases where the shorter causative form ends in \u300c\u3055\u3059\u300d, in other words, you can’t have a \u300c\u3055\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300d ending.<\/p>\n

                                                Verbs that cannot be used in this form<\/span>
                                                \nExamples of verbs you can’t<\/i> use in this form. <\/p>\n
                                                  \n
                                                1. \u98df\u3079\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u3055\u3059<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u3055\u3055\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
                                                2. \u8a71\u3059<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u8a71\u3055\u3059<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u8a71\u3055\u3055\u308c\u308b<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

                                                  Examples<\/h3>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  1. \u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u304c\u5eca\u4e0b<\/span>\u306b\u7acb\u305f\u3055\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                                                    \nThe student was made to stand<\/em> in the hall.<\/li>\n
                                                  2. \u65e5\u672c<\/span>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u304a\u9152<\/span>\u3092\u98f2\u307e\u3055\u308c\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3053\u3068<\/span>\u304c\u591a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                                                    \nIn Japan, the event of being made to drink<\/em> is numerous.<\/li>\n
                                                  3. \u3042\u3044\u3064<\/span>\u306b\u4e8c\u6642\u9593<\/span>\u3082\u5f85\u305f\u3055\u308c\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                                                    \nI was made to wait<\/em> 2 hours by that guy.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                    We will now learn the last two major types of verb conjugations: causative and passive forms. These two verb conjugations are traditionally covered together because of the notorious causative-passive combination. We will now go over what all these things are and how they are used. Causative Verbs Vocabulary \u3042\u3052\u308b (ru-verb) – to give; to raise … <\/p>\n

                                                    Continue reading “Causative and Passive Verbs”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"series":[4],"class_list":["post-262","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-special-expressions","series-grammar-guide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/262","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=262"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/262\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1740,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/262\/revisions\/1740"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=262"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=262"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=262"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=262"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}