{"id":272,"date":"2017-10-16T14:16:09","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T18:16:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=272"},"modified":"2022-02-19T19:36:30","modified_gmt":"2022-02-20T00:36:30","slug":"expressing-amounts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/amount","title":{"rendered":"Expressing Amounts"},"content":{"rendered":"

This lesson will cover various expressions used to express various degrees<\/i> of amounts. For example, sentences like, “I only<\/u> ate one”, “That was all<\/u> that was left”, “There’s just<\/u> old people here”, or “I ate too much<\/u>” all indicate whether there’s a lot or little of something. Most of these expressions are made with particles and not as separate words as you see in English.<\/p>\n

Indicating that’s all there is using \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d<\/h2>\n

Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \u308a\u3093\u3054 – apple<\/li>\n
  2. \u3053\u308c – this<\/li>\n
  3. \u305d\u308c – that<\/li>\n
  4. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u3079\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
  5. \u3053\u306e – this \uff08abbr. of \u3053\u308c\u306e\uff09<\/li>\n
  6. \u6b4c \u3010\u3046\u305f\u3011 – song<\/li>\n
  7. \u6b4c\u3046 \u3010\u3046\u305f\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to sing<\/li>\n
  8. \u305d\u306e – that \uff08abbr. of \u305d\u308c\u306e\uff09<\/li>\n
  9. \u4eba \u3010\u3072\u3068\u3011 – person<\/li>\n
  10. \u597d\u304d \u3010\u3059\u30fb\u304d\u3011 (na-adj) – likable; desirable<\/li>\n
  11. \u8ca9\u58f2\u6a5f \u3010\u306f\u3093\u30fb\u3070\u3044\u30fb\u304d\u3011 – vending machine<\/li>\n
  12. \u4e94\u767e\u5186\u7389 \u3010\u3054\u30fb\u3072\u3083\u304f\u30fb\u3048\u3093\u30fb\u3060\u307e\u3011 – 500 yen coin<\/li>\n
  13. \u5c0f\u6797 \u3010\u3053\u30fb\u3070\u3084\u3057\u3011 – Kobayashi (last name)<\/li>\n
  14. \u8fd4\u4e8b \u3010\u3078\u3093\u30fb\u3058\u3011 – reply<\/li>\n
  15. \u6765\u308b \u3010\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (exception) – to come<\/li>\n
  16. \u6e96\u5099 \u3010\u3058\u3085\u3093\u30fb\u3073\u3011 – preparations<\/li>\n
  17. \u7d42\u308f\u308b \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u308f\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to end<\/li>\n
  18. \u3053\u3053 – here<\/li>\n
  19. \u540d\u524d \u3010\u306a\u30fb\u307e\u3048\u3011 – name<\/li>\n
  20. \u66f8\u304f \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to write<\/li>\n
  21. \u3044\u3044 (i-adj) – good<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    The particle \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d is used to express that that’s all there is. Just like the other particles we have already learned, it is directly attached to the end of whichever word that it applies to.<\/p>\n

    Examples<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. \u308a\u3093\u3054<\/span>\u3060\u3051<\/em>\u3002
      \nJust apple(s) (and nothing else).<\/li>\n
    2. \u3053\u308c<\/span>\u3068\u305d\u308c<\/span>\u3060\u3051<\/em>\u3002
      \nJust that and this (and nothing else).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      When one of the major particles are also applied to a word, these particles must come after \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d. In fact, the ordering of multiple particles usually start from the most specific to the most general.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u305d\u308c<\/span>\u3060\u3051\u306f<\/em>\u3001\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044\u3067<\/span>\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/span>\u3002
        \nJust don’t eat that. (Anything else is assumed to be OK).<\/li>\n
      2. \u3053\u306e<\/span>\u6b4c<\/span>\u3060\u3051\u3092<\/em>\u6b4c\u308f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u3002
        \nDidn’t sing just this song.<\/li>\n
      3. \u305d\u306e<\/span>\u4eba<\/span>\u3060\u3051\u304c<\/em>\u597d\u304d\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3093\u3060<\/span>\u3002
        \nThat person was the only person I liked.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        The same goes for double particles. Again \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d must come first.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u3053\u306e<\/span>\u8ca9\u58f2\u6a5f<\/span>\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f<\/em>\u3001\u4e94\u767e\u5186\u7389<\/span>\u304c\u4f7f\u3048\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
          \nCannot use 500 yen coin in just this vending machine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          With minor particles such as \u300c\u304b\u3089\u300d or \u300c\u307e\u3067\u300d, it is difficult to tell which should come first. When in doubt, try googling to see the level of popularity of each combination. It turns out that \u300c\u304b\u3089\u3060\u3051\u300d is almost twice as popular as \u300c\u3060\u3051\u304b\u3089\u300d with a hit number of 90,000 vs. 50,000.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \u5c0f\u6797<\/span>\u3055\u3093\u304b\u3089\u3060\u3051\u306f<\/em>\u3001\u8fd4\u4e8b<\/span>\u304c\u6765\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u3002
            \nA reply has not come from only<\/em> Kobayashi-san.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Unlike some particles, you can directly attach \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d to verbs as well.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \u6e96\u5099<\/span>\u304c\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089<\/span>\u306f\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3060\u3051\u3060\u3002
              \nSince the preparations are done, from here we just have to eat.<\/li>\n
            2. \u3053\u3053<\/span>\u306b\u540d\u524d<\/span>\u3092\u66f8\u304f<\/span><\/em>\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3044\u3044<\/span>\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f
              \nIs it ok to just write [my] name here?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Using \u300c\u306e\u307f\u300d as a formal version of \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d<\/h2>\n

              Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                \n
              1. \u3053\u306e – this \uff08abbr. of \u3053\u308c\u306e\uff09<\/li>\n
              2. \u4e57\u8eca\u5238 \u3010\u3058\u3087\u3046\u30fb\u3057\u3083\u30fb\u3051\u3093\u3011 – passenger ticket<\/li>\n
              3. \u767a\u58f2 \u3010\u306f\u3064\u30fb\u3070\u3044\u3011 – sale<\/li>\n
              4. \u5f53\u65e5 \u3010\u3068\u3046\u30fb\u3058\u3064\u3011 – that very day<\/li>\n
              5. \u6709\u52b9 \u3010\u3086\u3046\u30fb\u3053\u3046\u3011 – effective<\/li>\n
              6. \u30a2\u30f3\u30b1\u30fc\u30c8 – survey<\/li>\n
              7. \u5bfe\u8c61 \u3010\u305f\u3044\u30fb\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3011 – target<\/li>\n
              8. \u5927\u5b66\u751f \u3010\u3060\u3044\u30fb\u304c\u304f\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 – college student<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                A particle that is essentially identical both grammatically and in meaning to \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d is \u300c\u306e\u307f\u300d. However, unlike \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d, which is used in regular conversations, \u300c\u306e\u307f\u300d is usually only used in a written context. It is often used for explaining policies, in manuals, and other things of that nature. This grammar really belongs in the advanced section since formal language has a different flavor and tone from what we have seen so far. However, it is covered here because it is essentially identical to \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d. Just googling for \u300c\u306e\u307f\u300d will quickly show the difference in the type of language that is used with \u300c\u306e\u307f\u300d as opposed to \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \u3053\u306e<\/span>\u4e57\u8eca\u5238<\/span>\u306f\u767a\u58f2<\/span>\u5f53\u65e5<\/span>\u306e\u307f<\/em>\u6709\u52b9<\/span>\u3067\u3059\u3002
                  \nThis boarding ticket is only<\/em> valid on the date on which it was purchased.<\/li>\n
                2. \u30a2\u30f3\u30b1\u30fc\u30c8<\/span>\u5bfe\u8c61<\/span>\u306f\u5927\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\u306e\u307f<\/em>\u3067\u3059\u3002
                  \nThe targets of this survey are only<\/em> college students.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Indication that there’s nothing else using \u300c\u3057\u304b\u300d<\/h2>\n

                  Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  1. \u3053\u308c – this<\/li>\n
                  2. \u3042\u308b (u-verb) – to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n
                  3. \u898b\u308b \u3010\u307f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to see<\/li>\n
                  4. \u4eca\u65e5 \u3010\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 – today<\/li>\n
                  5. \u5fd9\u3057\u3044 \u3010\u3044\u305d\u304c\u30fb\u3057\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – busy<\/li>\n
                  6. \u671d\u3054\u98ef \u3010\u3042\u3055\u30fb\u3054\u30fb\u306f\u3093\u3011 – breakfast<\/li>\n
                  7. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
                  8. \u5168\u90e8 \u3010\u305c\u3093\u30fb\u3076\u3011 – everything<\/li>\n
                  9. \u8cb7\u3046 \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to buy<\/li>\n
                  10. \u3046\u3046\u3093 – no (casual)<\/li>\n
                  11. \u4f55\u3010\u306a\u306b\u3011 – what<\/li>\n
                  12. \u3082\u3089\u3046 – to receive<\/li>\n
                  13. \u9811\u5f35\u308b \u3010\u304c\u3093\u30fb\u3070\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to try one’s best<\/li>\n
                  14. \u3053\u3046 – (things are) this way<\/li>\n
                  15. \u306a\u308b (u-verb) – to become<\/li>\n
                  16. \u9003\u3052\u308b \u3010\u306b\u30fb\u3052\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to escape; to run away<\/li>\n
                  17. \u3082\u3046 – already<\/li>\n
                  18. \u8150\u308b \u3010\u304f\u3055\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to rot; to spoil<\/li>\n
                  19. \u6368\u3066\u308b \u3010\u3059\u30fb\u3066\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to throw away<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    I carefully phrased the title of this section to show that \u300c\u3057\u304b\u300d must be used to indicate the lack<\/b> of everything else. In other words, the rest of the sentence must always be negative.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • \u3053\u308c<\/span>\u3057\u304b<\/em>\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                      \nThere’s nothing but this.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      The following is incorrect.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \u3053\u308c<\/span>\u3057\u304b<\/em>\u3042\u308b<\/span><\/span>\u3002
                        \n(Should be using \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d instead)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        As you can see, \u300c\u3057\u304b\u300d has an embedded negative meaning while \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d doesn’t have any particular nuance.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. \u3053\u308c<\/span>\u3060\u3051<\/em>\u898b\u308b<\/span>\u3002
                          \nSee just this.<\/li>\n
                        2. \u3053\u308c<\/span>\u3060\u3051<\/em>\u898b\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                          \nDon’t see just this.<\/li>\n
                        3. \u3053\u308c<\/span>\u3057\u304b<\/em>\u898b\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                          \nDon’t see anything else but this.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Examples<\/h3>\n
                            \n
                          • \u4eca\u65e5<\/span>\u306f\u5fd9\u3057\u304f\u3066<\/span>\u3001\u671d\u3054\u98ef<\/span>\u3057\u304b<\/em>\u98df\u3079\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u3002
                            \nToday was busy and couldn’t eat anything but breakfast.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            Notice that unlike \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d, it is necessary to finish off the sentence.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • \u5168\u90e8<\/span>\u8cb7\u3046<\/span>\u306e\uff1f
                              \nYou’re buying everything?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                \n
                              1. \u3046\u3046\u3093<\/span>\u3001\u3053\u308c<\/span>\u3060\u3051\u3002
                                \nNah, just this.<\/li>\n
                              2. \u3046\u3046\u3093<\/span>\u3001\u3053\u308c<\/span>\u3057\u304b\u8cb7\u308f\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em>
                                \nNah, won’t buy anything else but this.<\/li>\n
                              3. \u3046\u3046\u3093<\/span>\u3001\u3053\u308c<\/span>\u3057\u304b<\/span>\u3002
                                \n(Wrong, the sentence must explicitly indicate the negative.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                While the major particles always come last, it turns out that \u300c\u3057\u304b\u300d must come after \u300c\u304b\u3089\u300d and \u300c\u307e\u3067\u300d. A google search of \u300c\u304b\u3089\u3057\u304b\u300d beats \u300c\u3057\u304b\u304b\u3089\u300d by an overwhelming 60,000 to 600.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • \u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\u304b\u3089\u3057\u304b<\/em>\u4f55\u3082<\/span>\u3082\u3089\u3063\u3066\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                                  \nI didn’t receive anything except from Alice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  You can also use this grammar with verbs.<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. \u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089<\/span>\u9811\u5f35\u308b<\/span>\u3057\u304b<\/em>\u306a\u3044<\/span>\uff01
                                    \nThere’s nothing to do but try our best!<\/li>\n
                                  2. \u3053\u3046<\/span>\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3089<\/span>\u3001\u9003\u3052\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3057\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                                    \nThere no choice but to run away once it turns out like this.<\/li>\n
                                  3. \u3082\u3046<\/span>\u8150\u3063\u3066<\/span>\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6368\u3066\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3057\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3088\u3002
                                    \nIt’s rotten already so there’s nothing to do but throw it out.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    \u300c\u3063\u304d\u3083\u300d, an alternative to \u300c\u3057\u304b\u300d<\/h3>\n

                                    Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                                      \n
                                    1. \u3053\u308c – this<\/li>\n
                                    2. \u8cb7\u3046 \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to buy<\/li>\n
                                    3. \u3042\u308b (u-verb) – to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n
                                    4. \u3053\u3046 – (things are) this way<\/li>\n
                                    5. \u306a\u308b (u-verb) – to become<\/li>\n
                                    6. \u3082\u3046 – already<\/li>\n
                                    7. \u3084\u308b (u-verb) – to do<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      \u300c\u3063\u304d\u3083\u300d is another version of \u300c\u3057\u304b\u300d that means essentially the same thing and works exactly the same way. Just substitute \u300c\u3057\u304b\u300d with \u300c\u3063\u304d\u3083\u300d and you’re good to go. This version is a bit stronger than \u300c\u3057\u304b\u300d in emphasis but it’s not used nearly as often so I wouldn’t worry about it too much. I briefly cover it here just in case you do run into this expression.<\/p>\n

                                      Examples<\/h3>\n
                                        \n
                                      1. \u3053\u308c<\/span>\u306f\u8cb7\u3046<\/span>\u3063\u304d\u3083<\/em>\u306a\u3044<\/span>\uff01
                                        \nThere’s nothing but to buy this!<\/li>\n
                                      2. \u3053\u3046<\/span>\u306a\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u3089\u3001\u3082\u3046<\/span>\u3084\u308b<\/span>\u3063\u304d\u3083<\/em>\u306a\u3044<\/span>\uff01
                                        \nIf things turn out like this, there nothing to do but to just do it!<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        Expressing the opposite of \u300c\u3060\u3051\u300d with \u300c\u3070\u304b\u308a\u300d<\/h2>\n

                                        Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                                          \n
                                        1. \u4f55 \u3010\u306a\u306b\uff0f\u306a\u3093\u3011 – what<\/li>\n
                                        2. \u304a\u3070\u3055\u3093 – middle-aged lady<\/li>\n
                                        3. \u5acc \u3010\u3044\u3084\u3011 (na-adj) disagreeable; unpleasant<\/li>\n
                                        4. \u5d07 \u3010\u305f\u304b\u3057\u3011 – Takashi (first name)<\/li>\n
                                        5. \uff5e\u541b \u3010\uff5e\u304f\u3093\u3011 – name suffix<\/li>\n
                                        6. \u6f2b\u753b \u3010\u307e\u3093\u30fb\u304c\u3011 – comic book<\/li>\n
                                        7. \u8aad\u3080 \u3010\u3088\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) – to read<\/li>\n
                                        8. \u304b\u3063\u3053\u60aa\u3044 \u3010\u304b\u3063\u3053\u30fb\u308f\u308b\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – unattractive; uncool<\/li>\n
                                        9. \u5f7c \u3010\u304b\u308c\u3011 – he; boyfriend<\/li>\n
                                        10. \u9ebb\u96c0\u3010\u30de\u30fc\u30fb\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u3011 – mahjong<\/li>\n
                                        11. \u76f4\u7f8e \u3010\u306a\u304a\u30fb\u307f\u3011 – Naomi (first name)<\/li>\n
                                        12. \u904a\u3076 \u3010\u3042\u305d\u30fb\u3076\u3011 (u-verb) – to play<\/li>\n
                                        13. \u6700\u8fd1 \u3010\u3055\u3044\u30fb\u304d\u3093\u3011 – recent; lately<\/li>\n
                                        14. \u4ed5\u4e8b \u3010\u3057\u30fb\u3054\u3068\u3011 – job<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          \u300c\u3070\u304b\u308a\u300d is used to express the condition where there’s so much of something to the point where there’s nothing else. Notice this is fundamentally different from \u300c\u3057\u304b\u300d which expresses a lack<\/b> of everything else but the item in question. In more casual situations, \u300c\u3070\u304b\u308a\u300d is usually pronounced \u300c\u3070\u3063\u304b\u308a\u300d or just \u300c\u3070\u3063\u304b\u300d. For example, let’s say you went to a party to find, much to your dismay, the whole room filled with middle-aged women. You might say the following.<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          • \u4f55<\/span>\u3060\u3088\uff01\u304a\u3070\u3055\u3093<\/span>\u3070\u3063\u304b\u308a<\/em>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u304b\uff1f
                                            \nWhat the? Isn’t it nothing but obasan?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            Or perhaps a little more girly:<\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            • \u3044\u3084<\/span>\u3060\u3002\u304a\u3070\u3055\u3093<\/span>\u3070\u3063\u304b\u308a<\/em>\u3002
                                              \nEww. It’s nothing but obasan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              Examples<\/h3>\n
                                                \n
                                              • \u5d07<\/span>\u541b<\/span>\u306f\u6f2b\u753b<\/span>\u3070\u3063\u304b\u308a<\/em>\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3066<\/span>\u3055\u3002\u304b\u3063\u3053\u60aa\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                                                \nTakashi-kun is reading nothing but comic books… He’s so uncool.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                It is quite common in casual speech to end midsentence like this. Notice \u300c\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3066<\/span>\u300d is the te-form of \u300c\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b<\/span>\u300d with the \u300c\u3044\u300d dropped. We assume that the conclusion will come somewhere later in the story.<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                1. \u5f7c<\/span>\u306f\u9ebb\u96c0<\/span>\u3070\u304b\u308a<\/em>\u3067\u3059\u3002
                                                  \nHe’s nothing but mahjong. (He does nothing but play mahjong.)<\/li>\n
                                                2. \u76f4\u7f8e<\/span>\u3061\u3083\u3093<\/span>\u3068\u904a\u3076<\/span>\u3070\u3063\u304b\u308a<\/em>\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\uff01
                                                  \nYou’re hanging out with Naomi-chan all the time, aren’t you!<\/li>\n
                                                3. \u6700\u8fd1<\/span>\u306f\u4ed5\u4e8b<\/span>\u3070\u3063\u304b<\/em>\u3060\u3088\u3002
                                                  \nLately, it’s nothing but work.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                  Saying there’s too much of something using \u300c\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d<\/h2>\n

                                                  Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  1. \u904e\u304e\u308b \u3010\u3059\u30fb\u304e\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to exceed; to pass<\/li>\n
                                                  2. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
                                                  3. \u98f2\u3080 \u3010\u306e\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) – to drink<\/li>\n
                                                  4. \u592a\u308b \u3010\u3075\u3068\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to become fatter<\/li>\n
                                                  5. \u9759\u304b \u3010\u3057\u305a\u30fb\u304b\u3011 (na-adj) – quiet<\/li>\n
                                                  6. \u5927\u304d\u3044 \u3010\u304a\u304a\u30fb\u304d\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – big<\/li>\n
                                                  7. \u9762\u767d\u3044 \u3010\u304a\u3082\u30fb\u3057\u308d\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – interesting<\/li>\n
                                                  8. \u3082\u3063\u305f\u3044\u306a\u3044 (i-adj) – wasteful<\/li>\n
                                                  9. \u60c5\u3051\u306a\u3044 \u3010\u306a\u3055\u30fb\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – pitiable<\/li>\n
                                                  10. \u5371\u306a\u3044 \u3010\u3042\u3076\u30fb\u306a\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – dangerous<\/li>\n
                                                  11. \u5c11\u306a\u3044 \u3010\u3059\u304f\u30fb\u306a\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – few<\/li>\n
                                                  12. \u4f50\u85e4 \u3010\u3055\u30fb\u3068\u3046\u3011 – Satou (last name)<\/li>\n
                                                  13. \u6599\u7406 \u3010\u308a\u3087\u3046\u30fb\u308a\u3011 – cooking; cuisine; dish<\/li>\n
                                                  14. \u4e0a\u624b \u3010\u3058\u3087\u3046\u30fb\u305a\u3011 (na-adj) – skillful<\/li>\n
                                                  15. \u307e\u305f – again<\/li>\n
                                                  16. \u304a\u9152 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u3055\u3051\u3011 – alcohol<\/li>\n
                                                  17. \u6c17 \u3010\u304d\u3011 – mood; intent<\/li>\n
                                                  18. \u3064\u3051\u308b – to attach<\/li>\n
                                                  19. \u6c17\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b – (expression) to be careful<\/li>\n
                                                  20. \u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30af – trunk<\/li>\n
                                                  21. \u5165\u308b \u3010\u306f\u3044\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to enter<\/li>\n
                                                  22. \u7f60 \u3010\u308f\u306a\u3011 – trap<\/li>\n
                                                  23. \u6642\u9593 \u3010\u3058\u30fb\u304b\u3093\u3011 – time<\/li>\n
                                                  24. \u8db3\u308a\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u308a\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to be sufficient<\/li>\n
                                                  25. \u4f55\u3010\u306a\u306b\u3011 – what<\/li>\n
                                                  26. \u51fa\u6765\u308b \u3010\u3067\u30fb\u304d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to be able to do<\/li>\n
                                                  27. \u5f7c \u3010\u304b\u308c\u3011 – he; boyfriend<\/li>\n
                                                  28. \u5f7c\u5973 \u3010\u304b\u306e\u30fb\u3058\u3087\u3011 – she; girlfriend<\/li>\n
                                                  29. \u6628\u6669 \u3010\u3055\u304f\u30fb\u3070\u3093\u3011 – last night<\/li>\n
                                                  30. \u3053\u3068 – event, matter<\/li>\n
                                                  31. \u5168\u7136 \u3010\u305c\u3093\u30fb\u305c\u3093\u3011 – not at all (when used with negative)<\/li>\n
                                                  32. \u899a\u3048\u308b \u3010\u304a\u307c\u30fb\u3048\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to memorize<\/li>\n
                                                  33. \u305d\u308c – that<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                    \u300c\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d is a regular ru-verb written \u300c\u904e\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d meaning, “to exceed”. When \u300c\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d is attached to the end of other verbs and adjectives, it means that it is too much or that it has exceeded the normal levels. For verbs, you must directly attach \u300c\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d to the stem of the verb. For example, \u300c\u98df\u3079<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d means “to eat too much” and \u300c\u98f2\u307f<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d means “to drink too much”. For adjectives, you just attach it to the end after you remove the last \u300c\u3044\u300d from the i-adjectives (as usual). One more rule is that for both negative verbs and adjectives, one must remove the \u300c\u3044\u300d from \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d and replace with \u300c\u3055\u300d before attaching \u300c\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d. There is no tense (past or non-past) associated with this grammar. Since \u300c\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d is a regular ru-verb, this grammar always results in a regular ru-verb.<\/p>\n

                                                    Using \u300c\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d to indicate there’s too much of something<\/span><\/p>\n
                                                      \n
                                                    • For verbs:<\/b> First change the verb to the stem<\/i> and attach \u300c\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d.
                                                      \nExamples<\/p>\n
                                                        \n
                                                      1. \u98df\u3079\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n
                                                      2. \u592a\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u592a\u308a<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u592a\u308a<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • For na-adjectives:<\/b> Attach \u300c\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d. For i-adjectives, remove the last \u300c\u3044\u300d first before attaching \u300c\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d.
                                                          \nExamples<\/p>\n
                                                            \n
                                                          1. \u9759\u304b<\/span> \u2192 \u9759\u304b<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n
                                                          2. \u5927\u304d<\/span>\u3044<\/span><\/em> \u2192 \u5927\u304d<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • For negative verbs and adjectives:<\/b> Replace the last \u300c\u3044\u300d from \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d with \u300c\u3055\u300d and then attach \u300c\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d
                                                              \nExamples<\/p>\n
                                                                \n
                                                              1. \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3055<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3055<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n
                                                              2. \u9762\u767d\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u9762\u767d\u304f\u306a\u3055<\/em><\/span>\u2192 \u9762\u767d\u304f\u306a\u3055<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                • I-adjectives that end in \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d which incorporate the negative \u300c\u7121\u3044<\/span>\u300d such as \u300c\u3082\u3063\u305f\u3044\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u300d\uff08\u52ff\u4f53\u7121\u3044<\/em>\uff09 or \u300c\u60c5\u3051\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u300d\uff08\u60c5\u3051\u7121\u3044<\/em>\uff09 follow the third rule.
                                                                  \nExamples<\/p>\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. \u3082\u3063\u305f\u3044\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u3082\u3063\u305f\u3044\u306a\u3055<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u3082\u3063\u305f\u3044\u306a\u3055<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n
                                                                  2. \u60c5\u3051\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u60c5\u3051\u306a\u3055<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u60c5\u3051\u306a\u3055<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    • Most regular i-adjectives such as \u300c\u5371\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u300d or \u300c\u5c11\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u300d follow the regular rule (rule 2).
                                                                      \nExamples<\/p>\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      1. \u5371\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u5371\u306a<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n
                                                                      2. \u5c11\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u5c11\u306a<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                        Examples<\/h3>\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        1. \u4f50\u85e4<\/span>\u3055\u3093<\/span>\u306f\u6599\u7406<\/span>\u304c\u4e0a\u624b<\/span>\u3067\u3001\u307e\u305f<\/span>\u98df\u3079<\/span>\u904e\u304e\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span><\/em>\u3002
                                                                          \nSatou-san is good at cooking and I ate too much again.<\/li>\n
                                                                        2. \u304a\u9152<\/span>\u3092\u98f2\u307f<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6c17\u3092\u3064\u3051\u3066<\/span>\u306d\u3002
                                                                          \nBe careful to not drink too much, ok?<\/li>\n
                                                                        3. \u5927\u304d<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u304b\u3089\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30af<\/span>\u306b\u5165\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u305e\u3002
                                                                          \nIt won’t fit in the trunk cause it’s too big, man.<\/li>\n
                                                                        4. \u9759\u304b<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3002\u7f60<\/span>\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3002
                                                                          \nIt’s too quiet. It might be a trap, you know.<\/li>\n
                                                                        5. \u6642\u9593<\/span>\u304c\u8db3\u308a\u306a\u3055<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u3066<\/span><\/em>\u3001\u4f55\u3082<\/span>\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u3002
                                                                          \nDue to too much of a lack of time, I couldn’t do anything.<\/li>\n
                                                                        6. \u5f7c<\/span>\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u5973\u304c\u3082\u3063\u305f\u3044\u306a\u3055<\/span>\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span><\/em>\u3088\u3002
                                                                          \nShe is totally wasted on him (too good for him).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                          It is also common to change \u300c\u3059\u304e\u308b<\/span>\u300d into its stem and use it as a noun.<\/p>\n

                                                                          \uff21\uff1a\u6628\u6669<\/span>\u306e\u3053\u3068<\/span>\u3001\u5168\u7136<\/span>\u899a\u3048\u3066\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u306a\u3002
                                                                          \nA: Man, I don’t remember anything about last night.<\/p>\n

                                                                          \uff22\uff1a\u305d\u308c<\/span>\u306f\u98f2\u307f<\/span>\u3059\u304e<\/span><\/em>\u3060\u3088\u3002
                                                                          \nB: That’s drinking too much.<\/p>\n

                                                                          Adding the \u300c\u3082\u300d particle to express excessive amounts<\/h2>\n

                                                                          Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          1. \u6628\u65e5\u3010\u304d\u306e\u3046\u3011 – yesterday<\/li>\n
                                                                          2. \u96fb\u8a71 \u3010\u3067\u3093\u30fb\u308f\u3011 – phone<\/li>\n
                                                                          3. \uff5e\u56de \u3010\uff5e\u304b\u3044\u3011 – counter for number of times<\/li>\n
                                                                          4. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
                                                                          5. \u8a66\u9a13 \u3010\u3057\u30fb\u3051\u3093\u3011 – exam<\/li>\n
                                                                          6. \u305f\u3081 – for the sake\/benefit of<\/li>\n
                                                                          7. \uff5e\u6642\u9593 \u3010\uff5e\u3058\u30fb\u304b\u3093\u3011 – counter for span of hour(s)<\/li>\n
                                                                          8. \u52c9\u5f37 \u3010\u3079\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 – study<\/li>\n
                                                                          9. \u4eca\u5e74 \u3010\u3053\u30fb\u3068\u3057\u3011 – this year<\/li>\n
                                                                          10. \u30ad\u30ed – kilo<\/li>\n
                                                                          11. \u592a\u308b \u3010\u3075\u3068\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to become fatter<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                            When the \u300c\u3082\u300d particle comes after some type of amount, it means that the amount indicated is way too much. For instance, let’s look at the next example.<\/p>\n

                                                                              \n
                                                                            • \u6628\u65e5<\/span>\u3001\u96fb\u8a71<\/span>\u4e09\u56de<\/span>\u3082<\/em>\u3057\u305f<\/span>\u3088\uff01
                                                                              \nI called you like three times yesterday!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                              Notice that the \u300c\u3082\u300d particle is attached to the amount “three times”. This sentence implies that the speaker called even three times and still the person didn’t pick up the phone. We understand this to mean that three times are a lot of times to call someone.<\/p>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. \u8a66\u9a13<\/span>\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e09\u6642\u9593<\/span>\u3082<\/em>\u52c9\u5f37<\/span>\u3057\u305f<\/span>\u3002
                                                                                \nI studied three whole hours for the exam.<\/li>\n
                                                                              2. \u4eca\u5e74<\/span>\u3001\u5341\u30ad\u30ed<\/span>\u3082<\/em>\u592a\u3063\u3061\u3083\u3063\u305f<\/span>\uff01
                                                                                \nI gained 10 whole kilograms this year!<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                Using \u300c\u307b\u3069\u300d to express the extent of something<\/h2>\n

                                                                                Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                1. \u7a0b \u3010\u307b\u3069\u3011 – degree, extent<\/li>\n
                                                                                2. \u4eca\u65e5 \u3010\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 – today<\/li>\n
                                                                                3. \u5929\u6c17 \u3010\u3066\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3011 – weather<\/li>\n
                                                                                4. \u305d\u308c – that<\/li>\n
                                                                                5. \u6691\u3044 \u3010\u3042\u3064\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – hot<\/li>\n
                                                                                6. \u5bdd\u308b \u3010\u306d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to sleep<\/li>\n
                                                                                7. \u6642\u9593 \u3010\u3058\u30fb\u304b\u3093\u3011 – time<\/li>\n
                                                                                8. \u3042\u308b (u-verb) – to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n
                                                                                9. \u5fd9\u3057\u3044 \u3010\u3044\u305d\u304c\u30fb\u3057\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – busy<\/li>\n
                                                                                10. \u97d3\u56fd \u3010\u304b\u3093\u30fb\u3053\u304f\u3011 – Korea<\/li>\n
                                                                                11. \u6599\u7406 \u3010\u308a\u3087\u3046\u30fb\u308a\u3011 – cooking; cuisine; dish<\/li>\n
                                                                                12. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u3079\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
                                                                                13. \u304a\u3044\u3057\u3044 (i-adj) – tasty<\/li>\n
                                                                                14. \u306a\u308b (u-verb) – to become<\/li>\n
                                                                                15. \u6b69\u304f \u3010\u3042\u308b\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to walk<\/li>\n
                                                                                16. \u8ff7\u3046 \u3010\u307e\u3088\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to get lost<\/li>\n
                                                                                17. \u52c9\u5f37 \u3010\u3079\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 – study<\/li>\n
                                                                                18. \u982d \u3010\u3042\u305f\u307e\u3011 – head<\/li>\n
                                                                                19. \u3044\u3044 (i-adj) – good<\/li>\n
                                                                                20. \u30cf\u30fc\u30c9\u30c7\u30a3\u30b9\u30af – hard disk<\/li>\n
                                                                                21. \u5bb9\u91cf \u3010\u3088\u3046\u30fb\u308a\u3087\u3046\u3011 – capacity<\/li>\n
                                                                                22. \u5927\u304d\u3044 \u3010\u304a\u304a\u30fb\u304d\u3044\u3011(i-adj) – big<\/li>\n
                                                                                23. \u3082\u3063\u3068 – more<\/li>\n
                                                                                24. \u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093 – a lot (amount)<\/li>\n
                                                                                25. \u66f2 \u3010\u304d\u3087\u304f\u3011 – tune<\/li>\n
                                                                                26. \u4fdd\u5b58 \u3010\u307b\u30fb\u305e\u3093\u3011 – save<\/li>\n
                                                                                27. \u51fa\u6765\u308b \u3010\u3067\u30fb\u304d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to be able to do<\/li>\n
                                                                                28. \u822a\u7a7a\u5238 \u3010\u3053\u3046\u30fb\u304f\u3046\u30fb\u3051\u3093\u3011 – plane ticket<\/li>\n
                                                                                29. \u5b89\u3044 \u3010\u3084\u3059\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – cheap<\/li>\n
                                                                                30. \u9650\u308b \u3010\u304b\u304e\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to limit<\/li>\n
                                                                                31. \u6587\u7ae0 \u3010\u3076\u3093\u30fb\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3011 – sentence; writing<\/li>\n
                                                                                32. \u77ed\u3044 \u3010\u307f\u3058\u304b\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – short<\/li>\n
                                                                                33. \u7c21\u5358 \u3010\u304b\u3093\u30fb\u305f\u3093\u3011 (na-adj) – simple<\/li>\n
                                                                                34. \u826f\u3044 \u3010\u3088\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – good<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                  The noun \u300c\u307b\u3069\u300d\uff08\u7a0b\uff09 is attached to a word in a sentence to express the extent of something. It can modify nouns as well as verbs as seen in the next example.<\/p>\n

                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  1. \u4eca\u65e5<\/span>\u306e\u5929\u6c17<\/span>\u306f\u305d\u308c<\/span>\u307b\u3069<\/em>\u6691\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                                                                                    \nToday’s weather is not hot to that extent.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  2. \u5bdd\u308b<\/span>\u6642\u9593<\/span>\u304c\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u307b\u3069<\/em>\u5fd9\u3057\u3044<\/span>\u3002
                                                                                    \nBusy to the extent that there’s no time to sleep.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                    When you use this with conditionals, you can express something that translates into English as, “The more you [verb], the more…” The grammar is always formed in the following sequence: [conditional of verb] followed immediately by [same verb+ \u307b\u3069]<\/p>\n