{"id":282,"date":"2017-10-16T14:19:46","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T18:19:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=282"},"modified":"2017-10-17T14:09:31","modified_gmt":"2017-10-17T18:09:31","slug":"more-negative-verbs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/negativeverbs2","title":{"rendered":"More negative verbs"},"content":{"rendered":"

We already learned the most common type of negative verbs; the ones that end in \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d. However, there are couple more different types of negatives verbs. The ones you will find most useful are the first two, which expresses an action that was done without having done another action. The others are fairly obscure or useful only for very casual expressions. However, you will<\/i> run into them if you learn Japanese for a fair amount of time.<\/p>\n

Doing something without doing something else<\/h2>\n

Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
  2. \u5bdd\u308b \u3010\u306d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to sleep<\/li>\n
  3. \u4f55 \u3010\u306a\u306b\uff0f\u306a\u3093\u3011 – what<\/li>\n
  4. \u6b6f \u3010\u306f\u3011 – tooth<\/li>\n
  5. \u78e8\u304f \u3010\u307f\u304c\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to brush; to polish<\/li>\n
  6. \u5b66\u6821 \u3010\u304c\u3063\u30fb\u3053\u3046\u3011 – school<\/li>\n
  7. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
  8. \u5bbf\u984c \u3010\u3057\u3085\u304f\u30fb\u3060\u3044\u3011 – homework<\/li>\n
  9. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
  10. \u6388\u696d \u3010\u3058\u3085\u30fb\u304e\u3087\u3046\u3011 – class<\/li>\n
  11. \u6b62\u3081\u308b \u3010\u3084\u30fb\u3081\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to stop<\/li>\n
  12. \u65b9 \u30101) \u307b\u3046; 2) \u304b\u305f\u3011 – 1) direction; side; 2) person; way of doing<\/li>\n
  13. \u3044\u3044 (i-adj) – good<\/li>\n
  14. \u5148\u751f \u3010\u305b\u3093\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 – teacher<\/li>\n
  15. \u76f8\u8ac7 \u3010\u305d\u3046\u30fb\u3060\u3093\u3011 – consultation<\/li>\n
  16. \u3053\u306e – this \uff08abbr. of \u3053\u308c\u306e\uff09<\/li>\n
  17. \u53d6\u308b \u3010\u3068\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to take<\/li>\n
  18. \u3053\u3068 – event, matter<\/li>\n
  19. \u51fa\u6765\u308b \u3010\u3067\u30fb\u304d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to be able to do<\/li>\n
  20. \u5f7c \u3010\u304b\u308c\u3011 – he; boyfriend<\/li>\n
  21. \u8a00\u3046 \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to say<\/li>\n
  22. \u5e30\u308b \u3010\u304b\u3048\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to go home<\/li>\n
  23. \u305d\u3093\u306a – that sort of<\/li>\n
  24. \u304a\u9152 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u3055\u3051\u3011 – alcohol<\/li>\n
  25. \u98f2\u3080 \u3010\u306e\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) – to drink<\/li>\n
  26. \u5f53\u7136 \u3010\u3068\u3046\u30fb\u305c\u3093\u3011 – naturally<\/li>\n
  27. \u9154\u3063\u6255\u3046 \u3010\u3088\u30fb\u3063\u30fb\u3071\u30fb\u3089\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to get drunk<\/li>\n
  28. \u52c9\u5f37 \u3010\u3079\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 – study<\/li>\n
  29. \u6771\u5927 \u3010\u3068\u3046\u30fb\u3060\u3044\u3011 – Tokyo University \uff08abbr. for \u300c\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u300d\uff09<\/li>\n
  30. \u5165\u308b \u3010\u306f\u3044\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to enter<\/li>\n
  31. \u601d\u3046 \u3010\u304a\u3082\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to think<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Way back when, we learned how to express a sequence of actions and this worked fine for both positive and negative verbs. For instance, the sentence “I didn’t eat, and then I went to sleep” would become \u300c\u98df\u3079\u306a\u304f\u3066<\/span>\u5bdd\u305f<\/span>\u3002\u300d However, this sentence sounds a bit strange because eating doesn’t have much to do with sleeping. What we probably really<\/i> want to say is that we went to sleep without<\/i> eating. To express this, we need to use a more generalized form of the negative request we covered at the very end of the giving and receiving lesson. In other words, instead of substituting the last \u300c\u3044\u300d with \u300c\u304f\u3066\u300d, we need only append \u300c\u3067\u300d instead.<\/p>\n

    \nDoing something without doing something else<\/span><\/p>\n
      \n
    • To indicate an action that was done without<\/i> doing another action, add \u300c\u3067\u300d to the negative of the action that was not<\/u> done.<\/li>\n
    • Example
      \n\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/strike><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3067<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

      Examples<\/h3>\n
        \n
      1. \u4f55\u3082<\/span>\u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3067<\/em>\u5bdd\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span>\u3002
        \nWent to sleep without eating anything.\n<\/li>\n
      2. \u6b6f<\/span>\u3092\u78e8\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3067<\/em>\u3001\u5b66\u6821<\/span>\u306b\u884c\u3063\u3061\u3083\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span>\u3002
        \nWent to school without brushing teeth (by accident).\n<\/li>\n
      3. \u5bbf\u984c<\/span>\u3092\u3057\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3067<\/em>\u3001\u6388\u696d<\/span>\u306b\u884c\u304f<\/span>\u306e\u306f\u3001\u3084\u3081\u305f<\/span>\u65b9<\/span>\u304c\u3044\u3044<\/span>\u3088\u3002
        \nIt’s better to stop going to class without doing homework.\n<\/li>\n
      4. \u5148\u751f<\/span>\u3068\u76f8\u8ac7<\/span>\u3057\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3067<\/em>\u3001\u3053\u306e<\/span>\u6388\u696d<\/span>\u3092\u53d6\u308b<\/span>\u3053\u3068<\/span>\u306f\u51fa\u6765\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3002
        \nYou cannot take this class without consulting with teacher.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Hopefully not too difficult. Another way to express the exact same thing is to replace the last \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d part with \u300c\u305a\u300d. However, the two exception verbs \u300c\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u300d and \u300c\u304f\u308b<\/span>\u300d become \u300c\u305b\u305a<\/span>\u300d and \u300c\u3053\u305a<\/span>\u300d respectively. It is also common to see this grammar combined with the target \u300c\u306b\u300d particle. This version is more formal than \u300c\u306a\u3044\u3067\u300d and is not used as much in regular conversations. <\/p>\n

        \nDoing something without doing something else<\/span><\/p>\n
          \n
        • Another way to indicate an action that was done without doing another action is to replace the \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d part of the negative action that was not done with \u300c\u305a\u300d.
          \nExamples<\/p>\n
            \n
          1. \u98df\u3079\u308b<\/strike><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/strike><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u98df\u3079\u305a<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n
          2. \u884c\u304f<\/strike><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/strike><\/em><\/span> \u2192 \u884c\u304b\u305a<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
          3. Exceptions:<\/b>\n
              \n
            1. \u3059\u308b<\/span><\/em> \u2192 \u305b\u305a<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n
            2. \u304f\u308b<\/span><\/em> \u2192 \u3053\u305a<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

              Examples<\/h3>\n
                \n
              1. \u5f7c<\/span>\u306f\u4f55\u3082<\/span>\u8a00\u308f\u305a<\/span><\/em>\u3001\u5e30\u3063\u3066<\/span>\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002
                \nHe went home without saying anything.\n<\/li>\n
              2. \u4f55\u3082<\/span>\u98df\u3079\u305a<\/span><\/em>\u306b\u305d\u3093\u306a<\/span>\u306b\u304a\u9152<\/span>\u3092\u98f2\u3080<\/span>\u3068\u5f53\u7136<\/span>\u9154\u3063\u6255\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/span>\u3088\u3002
                \nObviously, you’re going to get drunk if you drink that much without eating anything.\n<\/li>\n
              3. \u52c9\u5f37<\/span>\u305b\u305a<\/span><\/em>\u306b\u6771\u5927<\/span>\u306b\u5165\u308c\u308b<\/span>\u3068\u601d\u308f\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u306a\u3002
                \nI don’t think you can get in Tokyo University without studying.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                A casual masculine type of negative that ends in \u300c\u3093\u300d<\/h2>\n

                Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                1. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
                2. \u6765\u308b \u3010\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (exception) – to come<\/li>\n
                3. \u3059\u307e\u3093 – sorry (masculine)<\/li>\n
                4. \u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093 – sorry (polite)<\/li>\n
                5. \u77e5\u308b \u3010\u3057\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to know<\/li>\n
                6. \u97d3\u56fd\u4eba \u3010\u304b\u3093\u30fb\u3053\u304f\u30fb\u3058\u3093\u3011 – Korean person<\/li>\n
                7. \u7d50\u5a5a \u3010\u3051\u3063\u30fb\u3053\u3093\u3011 – marriage<\/li>\n
                8. \u306a\u308b (u-verb) – to become<\/li>\n
                9. \u305d\u3093\u306a – that sort of<\/li>\n
                10. \u3053\u3068 – event, matter<\/li>\n
                11. \u7686 \u3010\u307f\u3093\u306a\u3011 – everybody<\/li>\n
                12. \u4eca\u65e5 \u3010\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 – today<\/li>\n
                13. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Finally, we cover another type of negative that is used mostly by older men. Since \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d is so long and difficult to say (sarcasm), you can shorten it to just \u300c\u3093\u300d. However, you can’t directly modify other words in this form; in other words, you can’t make it a modifying relative clause. In the same manner as before, \u300c\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u300d becomes \u300c\u305b\u3093<\/span>\u300d and \u300c\u304f\u308b<\/span>\u300d becomes \u300c\u3053\u3093<\/span>\u300d though I’ve never heard or seen \u300c\u3053\u3093<\/span>\u300d actually being used. If you have ever heard \uff62\u3059\u307e\u3093<\/span>\u300d and wondered what that meant, it’s actually an example of this grammar. Notice that \u300c\u3059\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/span>\u300d is actually in polite negative form. Well, the plain form would be \u300c\u3059\u307e\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u300d, right? That further transforms to just \u300c\u3059\u307e\u3093<\/span>\u300d. The word brings up an image of \u304a\u3058\u3055\u3093<\/span> but that may be just me. Anyway, it’s a male expression.<\/p>\n

                  \nA shorter way to say negative verbs<\/span><\/p>\n