{"id":284,"date":"2017-10-16T14:20:10","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T18:20:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=284"},"modified":"2017-10-17T14:09:45","modified_gmt":"2017-10-17T18:09:45","slug":"hypothesizing-and-concluding","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/reasoning","title":{"rendered":"Hypothesizing and Concluding"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this section, we’re going to learn how to make hypotheses and reach conclusions using: \u300c\u3068\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u300d and \u300c\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u300d\uff08\u8a33<\/span>\uff09.<\/p>\n

Coming to a conclusion with \u300c\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u300d<\/h2>\n

Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \u8a33 \u3010\u308f\u3051\u3011 – meaning; reason; can be deduced<\/li>\n
  2. \u76f4\u5b50 \u3010\u306a\u304a\u30fb\u3053\u3011 – Naoko (first name)<\/li>\n
  3. \u3044\u304f\u3089 – how much<\/li>\n
  4. \u82f1\u8a9e \u3010\u3048\u3044\u30fb\u3054\u3011 – English (language)<\/li>\n
  5. \u52c9\u5f37 \u3010\u3079\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 – study<\/li>\n
  6. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
  7. \u3046\u307e\u3044 (i-adj) – skillful; delicious<\/li>\n
  8. \u306a\u308b (u-verb) – to become<\/li>\n
  9. \u3064\u307e\u308a – in short<\/li>\n
  10. \u8a9e\u5b66 \u3010\u3054\u30fb\u304c\u304f\u3011 – language study<\/li>\n
  11. \u80fd\u529b \u3010\u306e\u3046\u30fb\u308a\u3087\u304f\u3011 – ability<\/li>\n
  12. \u3042\u308b (u-verb) – to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n
  13. \u8a00\u3046 \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to say<\/li>\n
  14. \u5931\u793c \u3010\u3057\u3064\u30fb\u308c\u3044\u3011 – discourtesy<\/li>\n
  15. \u4e2d\u56fd\u8a9e \u3010\u3061\u3085\u3046\u30fb\u3054\u304f\u30fb\u3054\u3011 – Chinese language<\/li>\n
  16. \u8aad\u3080 \u3010\u3088\u30fb\u3080\u3011 (u-verb) – to read<\/li>\n
  17. \u5e83\u5b50 \u3010\u3072\u308d\u30fb\u3053\u3011 – Hiroko (first name)<\/li>\n
  18. \u5bb6 \u30101) \u3046\u3061; 2) \u3044\u3048\u3011 – 1) one’s own home; 2) house<\/li>\n
  19. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
  20. \u3053\u3068 – event, matter<\/li>\n
  21. \u4e00\u90ce \u3010\u3044\u3061\u30fb\u308d\u3046\u3011 – Ichirou (first name)<\/li>\n
  22. \u5fae\u7a4d\u5206 \u3010\u3073\u30fb\u305b\u304d\u30fb\u3076\u3093\u3011 – (differential and integral) calculus<\/li>\n
  23. \u5206\u304b\u308b \u3010\u308f\u30fb\u304b\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) – to understand<\/li>\n
  24. \u3053\u3053 – here<\/li>\n
  25. \u8a66\u9a13 \u3010\u3057\u30fb\u3051\u3093\u3011 – exam<\/li>\n
  26. \u5408\u683c \u3010\u3054\u3046\u30fb\u304b\u304f\u3011 – pass (as in an exam)<\/li>\n
  27. \u4eca\u5ea6 \u3010\u3053\u3093\u30fb\u3069\u3011 – this time; another time<\/li>\n
  28. \u8ca0\u3051\u308b \u3010\u307e\u30fb\u3051\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to lose<\/li>\n
  29. \u6765\u308b \u3010\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (exception) – to come<\/li>\n
  30. \u3042\u304d\u3089\u3081\u308b (ru-verb) – to give up<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    The noun \u300c\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u300d\uff08\u8a33<\/span>\uff09 is a bit difficult to describe but it’s defined as: “meaning; reason; can be deduced”. You can see how this word is used in the following mini-dialogue.<\/p>\n

    Example 1<\/h3>\n

    \u76f4\u5b50<\/span>\uff1a\u3044\u304f\u3089<\/span>\u82f1\u8a9e<\/span>\u3092\u52c9\u5f37<\/span>\u3057\u3066<\/span>\u3082\u3001\u3046\u307e\u304f<\/span>\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u306e\u3002
    \nNaoko: No matter how much I study, I don’t become better at English.<\/p>\n

    \u30b8\u30e0\uff1a\u3064\u307e\u308a<\/span>\u3001\u8a9e\u5b66<\/span>\u306b\u306f\u3001\u80fd\u529b<\/span>\u304c\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3068\u3044\u3046<\/span>\u8a33<\/span><\/em>\u304b\u3002
    \nJim: So basically, it means<\/em> that you don’t have ability at language.<\/p>\n

    \u76f4\u5b50<\/span>\uff1a\u5931\u793c<\/span>\u306d\u3002
    \nNaoko: How rude.<\/p>\n

    As you can see, Jim is concluding from what Naoko said that she must not have any skills at learning languages. This is completely different from the explanatory \u300c\u306e\u300d, which is used to explain something that may or may not be obvious. \u300c\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u300d is instead used to draw conclusions that anyone might be able to arrive at given certain information.<\/p>\n

    \nA very useful application of this grammar is to combine it with \u300c\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u300d to indicate that there is no reasonable conclusion. This allows some very useful expression like, “How in the world am I supposed to know that?”\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u4e2d\u56fd\u8a9e<\/span>\u304c\u8aad\u3081\u308b<\/span>\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u304c\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3002
      \nThere’s no way I can read Chinese. (lit: There is no reasoning for [me] to be able to read Chinese.)\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Under the normal rules of grammar, we must have a particle for the noun \u300c\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u300d in order to use it with the verb but since this type of expression is used so often, the particle is often dropped to create just \u300c\uff5e\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u300d.\n<\/p>\n

      Example 2<\/h3>\n

      \u76f4\u5b50<\/span>\uff1a\u5e83\u5b50<\/span>\u306e\u5bb6<\/span>\u306b\u884c\u3063\u305f<\/span>\u3053\u3068<\/span>\u3042\u308b<\/span>\uff1f
      \nNaoko: Have you ever gone to Hiroko’s house?<\/p>\n

      \u4e00\u90ce<\/span>\uff1a\u3042\u308b<\/span>\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002
      \nIchirou: There’s no way I would have ever gone to her house, right?\n<\/p>\n

      Example 3<\/h3>\n

      \u76f4\u5b50<\/span>\uff1a\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206<\/span>\u306f\u5206\u304b\u308b<\/span>\uff1f
      \nNaoko: Do you understand (differential and integral) calculus?<\/p>\n

      \u4e00\u90ce<\/span>\uff1a\u5206\u304b\u308b<\/span>\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3088\uff01
      \nIchirou: There’s no way I would understand!<\/p>\n

      There is one thing to be careful of because \u300c\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u300d can also mean that something is very easy (lit: requires no explanation). You can easily tell when this meaning is intended however, because it is used in the same manner as an adjective.\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \u3053\u3053<\/span>\u306e\u8a66\u9a13<\/span>\u306b\u5408\u683c<\/span>\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u306e\u306f\u308f\u3051\u306a\u3044<\/span><\/em>\u3002
        \nIt’s easy to pass the tests here.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \nFinally, although not as common, \u300c\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u300d can also be used as a formal expression for saying that something must or must not be done at all costs. This is simply a stronger and more formal version of \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u306f\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u300d. This grammar is created by simply attaching \u300c\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3044\u300d. The \u300c\u306f\u300d is the topic particle and is pronounced \u300c\u308f\u300d. The reason \u300c\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u300d changes to \u300c\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3044\u300d is probably related to intransitive and transitive verbs but I don’t want to get too caught up in the logistics of it. Just take note that it’s \u300c\u3044\u304b<\/u><\/em>\u306a\u3044\u300d in this case and not \u300c\u3044\u3051<\/u><\/em>\u306a\u3044\u300d.\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u4eca\u5ea6<\/span>\u306f\u8ca0\u3051\u308b<\/span>\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3002
          \nThis time, I must not lose at all costs.\n<\/li>\n
        2. \u3053\u3053<\/span>\u307e\u3067\u304d\u3066<\/span>\u3001\u3042\u304d\u3089\u3081\u308b<\/span>\u308f\u3051<\/span>\u306b\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3002
          \nAfter coming this far, I must not give up.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Making hypotheses with \u300c\u3068\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u300d<\/h2>\n

          Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
            \n
          1. \u3059\u308b (exception) – to do<\/li>\n
          2. \u660e\u65e5 \u3010\u3042\u3057\u305f\u3011 – tomorrow<\/li>\n
          3. \u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to go<\/li>\n
          4. \u4eca \u3010\u3044\u307e\u3011 – now<\/li>\n
          5. \uff5e\u6642 \u3010\uff5e\u3058\u3011 – counter for hours<\/li>\n
          6. \u7740\u304f \u3010\u3064\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to arrive<\/li>\n
          7. \u601d\u3046 \u3010\u304a\u3082\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) – to think<\/li>\n
          8. \u89b3\u5ba2 \u3010\u304b\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3083\u304f\u3011 – spectator<\/li>\n
          9. \u53c2\u52a0 \u3010\u3055\u3093\u30fb\u304b\u3011 – participation<\/li>\n
          10. \u3082\u3089\u3046 – to receive<\/li>\n
          11. \u88ab\u5bb3\u8005 \u3010\u3072\u30fb\u304c\u3044\u30fb\u3057\u3083\u3011 – victim<\/li>\n
          12. \u975e\u5e38 \u3010\u3072\u30fb\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3011 – extreme<\/li>\n
          13. \u5e78\u3044 \u3010\u3055\u3044\u308f\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (na-adj) – fortunate<\/li>\n
          14. \u671d\u3054\u98ef \u3010\u3042\u3055\u30fb\u3054\u30fb\u306f\u3093\u3011 – breakfast<\/li>\n
          15. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
          16. \u3082\u3046 – already<\/li>\n
          17. \u663c \u3010\u3072\u308b\u3011 – afternoon<\/li>\n
          18. \u304a\u8179 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u306a\u304b\u3011 – stomach<\/li>\n
          19. \u7a7a\u304f \u3010\u3059\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) – to become empty<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            While this next grammar doesn’t necessarily have anything directly related to the previous grammar, I thought it would fit nicely together. In a previous lesson, we learn how to combine the volitional form with \u300c\u3068\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u300d to indicate an attempt to perform an action. We will now learn several other ways \u300c\u3068\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u300d can be used. It may help to keep in mind that \u300c\u3068\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u300d is really just a combination of the quotation particle \u300c\u3068\u300d and the verb \u300c\u3059\u308b<\/span>\u300d meaning “to do”. Let’s say you have a sentence: [verb]\u3068\u3059\u308b<\/span>. This means literally that you are doing like “[verb]” (in quotes). As you can see, when used with the volitional, it becomes: “Doing like making motion to do [verb]”. In other words, you are acting as if to make a motion to do [verb]. As we have already seen, this translates to “attempt to do [verb]”. Let’s see what happens when we use it on plain verbs.<\/p>\n

            Examples<\/h3>\n