So far we have learned casual, polite, and honorific\/humble types of languages. So what do I mean by formal expressions? I think we are all aware of the type of language I am talking about. We hear it in speeches, read it in reports, and see it on documentaries. While discussing good writing style is beyond the scope of this guide, we will go over some of the grammar that you will commonly find in this type of language. Which is not to say that it won’t appear in regular everyday speech. (Because it does.)<\/p>\n
We have already learned how to speak with your friends in casual speech, your superiors in polite speech, and your customers in honorific \/ humble speech. We’ve learned \u300c\u3060\u300d\u3001\u300c\u3067\u3059\u300d\u3001and \u300c\u3067\u3054\u3056\u3044\u307e\u3059\u300d to express a state-of-being for these different levels of politeness. There is one more type of state-of-being that is primarily used to state facts in a neutral, official sounding manner – \u300c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d. Just like the others, you tack \u300c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d on to the adjective or noun that represents the state.<\/p>\n
\nSince I’m too lazy to look up facts, let’s trot on over to the Japanese version of Wikipedia<\/a> and look at some random articles by clicking on \u300c\u304a\u307e\u304b\u305b\u8868\u793a\u300d.\n<\/p>\n To give you an idea of how changing the \u300c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d changes the tone, I’ve included some fake content around that sentence.\n<\/p>\n Because the negative of \u300c\u3042\u308b\u300d is \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d, you might expect the opposite of \u300c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d to be \u300c\u3067\u306a\u3044\u300d. However, for some reason I’m not aware of, you need to insert the topic particle before \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d to get \u300c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d.<\/p>\n <\/center><\/p>\n<\/div>\n In the Compound Sentence lesson, we learned how to use the te-form of verbs to express multiples sequential actions in one sentence. This practice, however, is used only in regular everyday speech. Formal speeches, narration, and written publications employ the verb stem instead of the te-form to describe sequential actions. Particularly, newspaper articles, in the interest of brevity, always prefer verb stems to the te-form.<\/p>\n For the \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d forms, the stem becomes \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u3044\u300d but because that doesn’t fit very well into the middle of a sentence, it is common to use the humble form of \u300c\u3044\u308b\u300d which you will remember is \u300c\u304a\u308b\u300d. This is simply so you can employ \u300c\u304a\u308a\u300d to connect relative clauses instead of just \u300c\u3044\u300d. It has nothing to do with the humble aspect of \u300c\u304a\u308b\u300d\n<\/p>\n What do you mean by formal expressions? So far we have learned casual, polite, and honorific\/humble types of languages. So what do I mean by formal expressions? I think we are all aware of the type of language I am talking about. We hear it in speeches, read it in reports, and see it on … <\/p>\n\n
\nAn amalgam is a mixture of two or more pure materials.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n
\n\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u306f\u30012\u7a2e\u985e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u7d14\u7269\u8cea\u304c\u6df7\u3058\u308a\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7269\u8cea\u3060<\/em>\u3002\n<\/li>\n
\n\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u306f\u30012\u7a2e\u985e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u7d14\u7269\u8cea\u304c\u6df7\u3058\u308a\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7269\u8cea\u3067\u3059<\/em>\u3002\n<\/li>\n
\n\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u306f\u30012\u7a2e\u985e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u7d14\u7269\u8cea\u304c\u6df7\u3058\u308a\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7269\u8cea\u3067\u3054\u3056\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/em>\u3002\n<\/li>\n
\n\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u306f\u30012\u7a2e\u985e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u7d14\u7269\u8cea\u304c\u6df7\u3058\u308a\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7269\u8cea\u3067\u3042\u308b\t<\/em>\u3002\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nNegative of \u300c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d<\/h2>\n
Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
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Examples<\/h3>\n
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\nWouldn’t you consider that to be unfair?\n<\/li>\n
\nLanguage is not something that can be mastered easily.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
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\n Positive<\/th>\n Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n \n \u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3042\u308b<\/em><\/td>\n is student<\/td>\n \u5b66\u751f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044<\/em><\/td>\n is not student<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \u5b66\u751f\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n was student<\/td>\n \u5b66\u751f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n was not student<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n Sequential relative clauses in formal language<\/h2>\n
Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
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Examples<\/h3>\n
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\n\uff08Wikipedia – \u82b1\u706b<\/a>, August 2004\uff09
\nFireworks are for the enjoyment of sparks created from combustion created by lighting up a mixture of gunpowder and metal powder.\n<\/li>\n
\nWas able to investigate his whereabouts using the company’s internal customer data.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\nSeveral photos were inside the envelope, and a letter was attached.\n<\/li>\n
\nA password has been set on this file, and it needs to entered when opening.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"