In this lesson, we’ll learn how to express the way things are supposed depending on what we mean by “supposed”. While the first two grammar points \u300c\u306f\u305a\u300d and \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d come up often and are quite useful, you’ll rarely ever encounter \u300c\u3079\u304f\u300d or \u300c\u3079\u304b\u3089\u305a\u300d. You can safely skip those lessons unless you are studying for the JLPT.<\/p>\n
The first grammar we will learn is \u300c\u306f\u305a\u300d, which is used to express something that was or is supposed to be. You can treat \u300c\u306f\u305a\u300d just like a regular noun as it is usually attached to the adjective or verb that is supposed to be or supposed to happen.<\/p>\n
The only thing to be careful about here is expressing an expectation of something not<\/i> happening. To do this, you must use the negative existence verb \u300c\u306a\u3044\u300d to say that such an expectation does not exist. This might be in the form of \u300c\uff5e\u306f\u305a\u304c<\/em>\u306a\u3044\u300d or \u300c\uff5e\u306f\u305a\u306f<\/em>\u306a\u3044\u300d depending on which particle you want to use. The negative conjugation \u300c\u306f\u305a\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u300d is really only used when you want to confirm in a positive sense such as \u300c\uff5e\u306f\u305a\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u304b\uff1f\u300d.\n<\/p>\n \nHere are more examples<\/a> from the WWWJDIC. You may also want to check out the jeKai entry<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d is a verb suffix used to describe something that is supposed to be done. This suffix is commonly defined as “should”, however, one must realize that it cannot be used to make suggestions like the sentence, “You should go to the doctor.” If you use \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d, it sounds more like, “You are supposed to go to the doctor.” \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d has a much stronger tone and makes you sound like a know-it-all telling people what to do. For making suggestions, it is customary to use the comparison \u300c\u65b9\u304c\u3044\u3044\u300d grammar instead. For this reason, this grammar is almost never used to directly tell someone what to do. It is usually used in reference to oneself where you can be as bossy as you want or in a neutral context where circumstances dictate what is proper and what is not. One such example would be a sentence like, “We are supposed to raise our kids properly with a good education.”<\/p>\n Unlike the \u300c\u306f\u305a\u300d grammar, there is no expectation that something is going to happen. Rather, this grammar describes what one should do in a given circumstance. In Japanese, you might define it as meaning \u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u5f37\u304f\u63a8\u5968\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d.\n<\/p>\n There is very little of grammatical interest. \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d works just like a regular noun and so you can conjugate it as \u300c\u3079\u304d\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3001\u300c\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3063\u305f\u300d, and so on. The only thing to note here is that when you’re using it with \u300c\u3059\u308b\u300d, the verb meaning “to do”, you can optionally drop the \u300c\u308b\u300d from \u300c\u3059\u308b\u3079\u304d\u300d to produce \u300c\u3059\u3079\u304d\u300d. You can do this with this verb only<\/u> and it does not apply for any other verbs even if the verb is written as \u300c\u3059\u308b\u300d such as \u300c\u64e6\u308b\u300d, the verb meaning “to rub”.\n<\/p>\n Grammatically, \u300c\u3079\u304f\u300d is really a conjunctive form \uff08\u9023\u7528\u5f62\uff09 of \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d, similar to what the te-form does to connect another phrase. However, what needs mentioning here is that by changing it into a conjunctive and adding a predicate, the meaning of \u300c\u3079\u304f\u300d changes from the ordinary meaning of \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d. While \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d describes a strong suggestion, changing it to \u300c\u3079\u304f\u300d allows you to describe what one did in order to carry out that suggestion. Take a look that the following examples to see how the meaning changes.<\/p>\n As we can see in this example, adding the \u300c\u6e96\u5099\u3092\u3057\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u300d tells us what the subject did in order to carry out the action he\/she was supposed to do.In this way we can define \u300c\u3079\u304f\u300d as meaning, “in order to” or “in an effort to”. Similarly, \u300c\u3079\u304f\u300d might mean the Japanese equivalent of \u300c\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u601d\u3063\u3066\u300d or \u300c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u300d. This is a very seldom-used old-fashioned expression and is merely presented here to completely cover all aspects of \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d.\n<\/p>\n Moving on to yet another from of \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d is \u300c\u3079\u304b\u3089\u305a\u300d. This is undoubtedly related to the \u300c\u305a\u300d negative ending we learned in a previous section. However, it seems to be a conjugation of an old \u672a\u7136\u5f62 of \u300c\u3079\u304b\u3089\u300d. I have no idea what that means and you don’t have to either. The only thing we need to take away from this is that \u300c\u3079\u304b\u3089\u305a\u300d expresses the opposite meaning of \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d as an action that one must not<\/b> do. I suppose the short and abrupt ending of the \u300c\u305a\u300d form makes this more useful for laying out rules. In fact, searching around on google comes up with a bunch of \u300c\u3079\u3057\uff65\u30d9\u304b\u3089\u305a\u300d or “do’s and don’ts”. \uff08\u3079\u3057 is an older form of \u3079\u304d, which I doubt you’ll ever need.)<\/p>\n In this lesson, we’ll learn how to express the way things are supposed depending on what we mean by “supposed”. While the first two grammar points \u300c\u306f\u305a\u300d and \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d come up often and are quite useful, you’ll rarely ever encounter \u300c\u3079\u304f\u300d or \u300c\u3079\u304b\u3089\u305a\u300d. You can safely skip those lessons unless you are studying for the … <\/p>\n\n
\nExamples<\/p>\n\n
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Examples<\/h3>\n
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\nHe has a mania for comic book(s) so I expect he read all these already.\n<\/li>\n
\nThis dish was expected to be tasty but it burned and became distasteful.\n<\/li>\n
\nBecause various things have been planned out, I expect a fun Christmas this year.\n<\/li>\n
\nIt’s not supposed to be that easy to fix.\n<\/li>\n
\nThis meeting is supposed to start every week at 2 o’clock, isn’t it?\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nUsing \u300c\u3079\u304d\u300d to describe actions one should do<\/h2>\n
Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
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\nExamples<\/p>\n\n
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\u308b<\/strike><\/em>\uff0b\u3079\u304d \u2192 \u3059\u3079\u304d<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\nExamples<\/h3>\n
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\nBefore buying something, one should<\/em> think well on whether it’s really necessary or not.\n<\/li>\n
\nEven if it is, for example, for the country, I don’t think the country’s citizens should<\/em> be deceived.\n<\/li>\n
\nWith cases coming out of depositors suing large banks, the Financial Services Agency decided it should<\/em> prioritize relief for victims and urge banks to strengthen measures for crime prevention.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nUsing \u300c\u3079\u304f\u300d to describe what one tries to do<\/h2>\n
Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
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\nShould<\/em> go home early.\n<\/li>\n
\nIn trying to<\/em> go home early, started the preparations.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\nExamples<\/p>\n\n
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\u308b<\/strike><\/em>\uff0b\u3079\u304f \u2192 \u3059\u3079\u304f<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\nExamples<\/h3>\n
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\nEverybody is studying very hard in an effort<\/em> to pass the exam.\n<\/li>\n
\nWe are working from here in an effort<\/em> to provide a enriched window for customer interaction.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nUsing \u300c\u3079\u304b\u3089\u305a\u300d to describe things one must not do<\/h2>\n
Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
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\nExamples<\/p>\n\n
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\u308b<\/strike><\/em>\uff0b\u3079\u304b\u3089\u305a \u2192 \u3059\u3079\u304b\u3089\u305a<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\nExamples<\/h3>\n
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\nYou must not<\/em> throw away trash.\n<\/li>\n
\nYou must not<\/em> forget the safety measures.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"