{"id":329,"date":"2017-10-16T15:51:05","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T19:51:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=329"},"modified":"2017-10-17T14:14:29","modified_gmt":"2017-10-17T18:14:29","slug":"covered-by-something","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/covered","title":{"rendered":"Covered by something"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This is a short lesson to cover several specialized expressions that describe the state of being covered by something. Mostly, we will focus on the differences between \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d\u3001\u300c\u307e\u307f\u308c\u300d and \u300c\u305a\u304f\u3081\u300d.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"part2\">Using \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d when an object is riddled everywhere with something<\/h2>\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u9593\u9055\u3044 \u3010\u307e\u30fb\u3061\u304c\u30fb\u3044\u3011 &#8211; mistake<\/li>\n<li>\u30b4\u30df &#8211; garbage<\/li>\n<li>\u57c3 \u3010\u307b\u3053\u308a\u3011 &#8211; dust<\/li>\n<li>\u3053\u306e &#8211; this \uff08abbr. of \u3053\u308c\u306e\uff09<\/li>\n<li>\u30c9\u30ad\u30e5\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8 &#8211; document<\/li>\n<li>\u5168\u7136 \u3010\u305c\u3093\u30fb\u305c\u3093\u3011 &#8211; not at all (when used with negative)<\/li>\n<li>\u5f79\u306b\u7acb\u3064 \u3010\u3084\u304f\u30fb\u306b\u30fb\u305f\u3064\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to be useful<\/li>\n<li>\u643a\u5e2f \u3010\u3051\u3044\u30fb\u305f\u3044\u3011 &#8211; handheld (phone)<\/li>\n<li>\uff5e\u5e74 \u3010\uff5e\u306d\u3093\u3011 &#8211; counter for year<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u3046 \u3010\u3064\u304b\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to use<\/li>\n<li>\u50b7 \u3010\u304d\u30fb\u305a\u3011 &#8211; injury; scratch; scrape<\/li>\n<li>\u306a\u308b (u-verb) &#8211; to become<\/li>\n<li>\u30c6\u30ec\u30d3 &#8211; TV, television<\/li>\n<li>\u3061\u3083\u3093\u3068 &#8211; properly<\/li>\n<li>\u62ed\u304f \u3010\u3075\u30fb\u304f\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to wipe; to dry<\/li>\n<li>\u304f\u308c\u308b (ru-verb) &#8211; to give<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d is usually used when something is riddled everywhere. It generally carries a negative connotation. As a result, you&#8217;ll often see \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d used with expressions like \u300c\u9593\u9055\u3044\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d, \u300c\u30b4\u30df\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d, or \u300c\u57c3\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d. There is no conjugation rule to cover here, all you need to do is attach \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d to the noun that is just all over the place. You should treat the result just like you would a regular noun.<\/p>\n<div class=\"sumbox\">\n<span class=\"summary\">Using \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d to describe the state of being riddled everywhere by something<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Attach \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d to the noun that is covering the object or place<br \/>\nExamples<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u9593\u9055\u3044 \u2192 \u9593\u9055\u3044<em>\u3060\u3089\u3051<\/em> (riddled with mistakes)<\/li>\n<li>\u57c3 \u2192 \u57c3<em>\u3060\u3089\u3051<\/em> (riddled with dust)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3053\u306e\u30c9\u30ad\u30e5\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u306f<em>\u9593\u9055\u3044\u3060\u3089\u3051<\/em>\u3067\u3001\u5168\u7136\u5f79\u306b\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\nThis document is just riddled with mistakes and is not useful at all.\n<\/li>\n<li>\u643a\u5e2f\u3092\uff12\u5e74\u9593\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u305f\u3089\u3001<em>\u50b7\u3060\u3089\u3051<\/em>\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\nAfter using cell phone for 2 years, it became covered with scratches.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u203bNotice how the \u300c\u306e\u300d particle is used to modify since \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d functions like a noun.\n<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3053\u306e<em>\u57c3\u3060\u3089\u3051<\/em>\u306e\u30c6\u30ec\u30d3\u3092\u3061\u3083\u3093\u3068\u62ed\u3044\u3066\u304f\u308c\u306a\u3044\uff1f<br \/>\nCan you properly dust this TV completely covered in dust?\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 id=\"part3\">Using \u300c\u307e\u307f\u308c\u300d to describe a covering<\/h2>\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u9593\u9055\u3044 \u3010\u307e\u30fb\u3061\u304c\u30fb\u3044\u3011 &#8211; mistake<\/li>\n<li>\u8840\u3000\u3010\u3061\u3011 &#8211; blood<\/li>\n<li>\u6cb9 \u3010\u3042\u3076\u3089\u3011 &#8211; oil<\/li>\n<li>\u30b4\u30df &#8211; garbage<\/li>\n<li>\u5f7c \u3010\u304b\u308c\u3011 &#8211; he; boyfriend<\/li>\n<li>\u306a\u308b (u-verb) &#8211; to become<\/li>\n<li>\u8eca \u3010\u304f\u308b\u307e\u3011 &#8211; car<\/li>\n<li>\u4fee\u7406 \u3010\u3057\u3085\u3046\u30fb\u308a\u3011 &#8211; repair<\/li>\n<li>\u9811\u5f35\u308b \u3010\u304c\u3093\u30fb\u3070\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to try one&#8217;s best<\/li>\n<li>\u305f\u3063\u305f &#8211; only, merely<\/li>\n<li>\u30ad\u30ed &#8211; kilo<\/li>\n<li>\u8d70\u308b \u3010\u306f\u3057\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to run<\/li>\n<li>\u6c57 \u3010\u3042\u305b\u3011 &#8211; sweat<\/li>\n<li>\u60c5\u3051\u306a\u3044 \u3010\u306a\u3055\u30fb\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) &#8211; shameful; deplorable<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u300c\u307e\u307f\u308c\u300d may seem very similar to \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d but there are some very important subtle differences. First, it&#8217;s only used for actually physical objects so you can&#8217;t say things like \u300c\u9593\u9055\u3044\u307e\u307f\u308c\u300d like you can with \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d. Plus, you can only use it for things that literally cover the object. In other words, you can&#8217;t use it to mean &#8220;littered&#8221; or &#8220;riddled&#8221; like we have done with \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d So you can use it for things like liquids and dust, but you can&#8217;t use it for things like scratches and garbage.<\/p>\n<p>The grammatical rules are the same as \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d.<\/p>\n<div class=\"sumbox\">\n<span class=\"summary\">Using \u300c\u307e\u307f\u308c\u300d to describe a covering by sticking<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Like \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d, you attach \u300c\u307e\u307f\u308c\u300d to the noun that is doing covering.<br \/>\nExamples<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u8840 \u2192 \u8840<em>\u307e\u307f\u308c<\/em> (covered in blood)<\/li>\n<li>\u6cb9 \u2192 \u6cb9<em>\u307e\u307f\u308c<\/em> (covered in oil)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>You can only use \u300c\u307e\u307f\u308c\u300d for physical objects that literally covers the object.<br \/>\nExamples<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u9593\u9055\u3044<em><strike>\u307e\u307f\u308c<\/strike><\/em> (not a physical object)<\/li>\n<li>\u30b4\u30df<em><strike>\u307e\u307f\u308c<\/strike><\/em> (doesn&#8217;t actually cover anything)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5f7c\u306f<em>\u6cb9\u307e\u307f\u308c<\/em>\u306b\u306a\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u8eca\u306e\u4fee\u7406\u306b\u9811\u5f35\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<br \/>\nWhile becoming covered in oil, he worked hard at fixing the car.\n<\/li>\n<li>\u305f\u3063\u305f\uff11\u30ad\u30ed\u3092\u8d70\u3063\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3001<em>\u6c57\u307e\u307f\u308c<\/em>\u306b\u306a\u308b\u306e\u306f\u60c5\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\nIt&#8217;s pitiful that one gets covered in sweat from running just 1 kilometer.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 id=\"part4\">\u300c\u305a\u304f\u3081\u300d to express entirety<\/h2>\n<h3>Vocabulary<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u9ed2 \u3010\u304f\u308d\u3011 &#8211; black<\/li>\n<li>\u767d \u3010\u3057\u308d\u3011 &#8211; white<\/li>\n<li>\u3044\u3044 (i-adj) &#8211; good<\/li>\n<li>\u3053\u3068 &#8211; event, matter<\/li>\n<li>\u56e3\u4f53 \u3010\u3060\u3093\u30fb\u305f\u3044\u3011 &#8211; group<\/li>\n<li>\u53bb\u5e74 \u3010\u304d\u3087\u30fb\u306d\u3093\u3011 &#8211; last year<\/li>\n<li>\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b9 &#8211; news<\/li>\n<li>\u306a\u308b (u-verb) &#8211; to become<\/li>\n<li>\u3053\u306e &#8211; this \uff08abbr. of \u3053\u308c\u306e\uff09<\/li>\n<li>\u30b7\u30a7\u30fc\u30af &#8211; shake<\/li>\n<li>\u304a\u3044\u3057\u3044 (i-adj) &#8211; tasty<\/li>\n<li>\u6804\u990a \u3010\u3048\u3044\u30fb\u3088\u3046\u3011 &#8211; nutrition<\/li>\n<li>\u305f\u3063\u3077\u308a &#8211; filled with<\/li>\n<li>\u4f53 \u3010\u304b\u3089\u3060\u3011 &#8211; body<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The \u300c\u5927\u8f9e\u6797\u300d dictionary describes exactly what \u300c\u305a\u304f\u3081\u300d means very well.<\/p>\n<p>\n\u540d\u8a5e\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u308c\u306b\u6e96\u305a\u308b\u8a9e\u53e5\u306b\u4ed8\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4f55\u304b\u3089\u4f55\u307e\u3067\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8868\u3059\u3002\u3059\u3079\u3066\u2026\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u300c\u3046\u305d\u2015\u306e\u8a00\u3044\u308f\u3051\u300d\u300c\u3044\u3044\u3053\u3068\u2015\u300d\u300c\u9ed2\u2015\u306e\u670d\u88c5\u300d\u300c\u7d50\u69cb\u2015\u300d\n<\/p>\n<p>\nIn other words, \u300c\u305a\u304f\u3081\u300d describes something that applies to the whole thing. For instance, if we were talking about the human body, the expression &#8220;is [X] from head to toe&#8221; might be close to what \u300c\u305a\u304f\u3081\u300d means.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nIn actuality, \u300c\u305a\u304f\u3081\u300d is an expression that is rarely used and usually with a color to describe people completely dressed in that color. For example, you can see what \u300c\u9ed2\u305a\u304f\u3081\u300d looks like via <a href=\"http:\/\/images.google.com\/images?um=1&#038;hl=en&#038;client=firefox-a&#038;rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&#038;q=%E9%BB%92%E3%81%9A%E3%81%8F%E3%82%81&#038;btnG=Search+Images\">Google Images<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nGrammatically, \u300c\u305a\u304f\u3081\u300d works in exactly the same ways as \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d and \u300c\u307e\u307f\u308c\u300d.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"sumbox\">\n<span class=\"summary\">Using \u300c\u305a\u304f\u3081\u300d to describe something that applies to the whole thing<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Attach \u300c\u305a\u304f\u3081\u300d to the noun that applies to the whole thing.<br \/>\nExamples<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u767d \u2192 \u767d<em>\u305a\u304f\u3081<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u3044\u3044\u3053\u3068 \u2192 \u3044\u3044\u3053\u3068<em>\u305a\u304f\u3081<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><em>\u767d\u305a\u304f\u3081<\/em>\u56e3\u4f53\u306f\u53bb\u5e74\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b9\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<br \/>\nThe organization dressed all in white was on the news last year.\n<\/li>\n<li>\u3053\u306e\u30b7\u30a7\u30fc\u30af\u306f\u3001\u304a\u3044\u3057\u3044\u3057\u3001\u6804\u990a\u305f\u3063\u3077\u308a\u3067\u4f53\u306b\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3089\u3001<em>\u3044\u3044\u3053\u3068\u305a\u304f\u3081<\/em>\u3067\u3059\u3088\u3002<br \/>\nThis shake is tasty and filled with nutrients, it&#8217;s good for (your) body so it&#8217;s entirely good things.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is a short lesson to cover several specialized expressions that describe the state of being covered by something. Mostly, we will focus on the differences between \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d\u3001\u300c\u307e\u307f\u308c\u300d and \u300c\u305a\u304f\u3081\u300d. Using \u300c\u3060\u3089\u3051\u300d when an object is riddled everywhere with something Vocabulary \u9593\u9055\u3044 \u3010\u307e\u30fb\u3061\u304c\u30fb\u3044\u3011 &#8211; mistake \u30b4\u30df &#8211; garbage \u57c3 \u3010\u307b\u3053\u308a\u3011 &#8211; dust \u3053\u306e &#8211; this &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/grammar\/covered\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Covered by something&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"series":[4],"class_list":["post-329","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-advanced-topics","series-grammar-guide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/329","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=329"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/329\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=329"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=329"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=329"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=329"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}