{"id":409,"date":"2017-10-16T18:31:10","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T22:31:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=409"},"modified":"2017-10-17T14:24:44","modified_gmt":"2017-10-17T18:24:44","slug":"compound-sentences-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/complete\/conjunctions","title":{"rendered":"Compound Sentences"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/atrXobsqUCo\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Combining two sentences with &#8220;but&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p>You may remember we already used \u300c\u3067\u3082\u300d to mean &#8220;but&#8221; or &#8220;however&#8221;. While \u300c\u3067\u3082\u300d is always used at the beginning of a new sentence, there are two conjunctions that also mean &#8220;but&#8221; and can be used to combine two sentences together into one compound sentence, similar to English. The two conjunctions are \u300c\u3051\u3069\u300d and \u300c\u304c\u300d. \u300c\u3051\u3069\u300d is fairly casual while \u300c\u304c\u300d is slightly more formal and polite. (Note that this \u300c\u304c\u300d is completely different from the identifier particle we learned in the last section.)<\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u4eca\u65e5 \u3010\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 &#8211; today<\/li>\n<li>\u5fd9\u3057\u3044 \u3010\u3044\u305d\u304c\u30fb\u3057\u3044\u3011 &#8211; busy<\/li>\n<li>\u660e\u65e5 \u3010\u3042\u3057\u305f\u3011\u3000- tomorrow<\/li>\n<li>\u6687 \u3010\u3072\u307e\u3011 (na-adj) &#8211; free (as in not busy)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u5fd9\u3057\u3044<em>\u3051\u3069<\/em>\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u306f\u6687\u3002<br \/>\n(I&#8217;m) busy <em>but<\/em> (I&#8217;m) free tomorrow.<\/li>\n<li>\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u5fd9\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059<em>\u304c<\/em>\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u306f\u6687\u3067\u3059\u3002<br \/>\n(I&#8217;m) busy <em>but<\/em> (I&#8217;m) free tomorrow.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Note<\/b>: If the first clause ends with a noun or na-adjective without any tense and you&#8217;re not using \u300c\u3067\u3059\u300d, you <i>must<\/i> add \u300c\u3060\u300d.<\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>(I&#8217;m) free today but (I&#8217;m) busy tomorrow.\n<ol>\n<li>\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u6687<em>\u3060<\/em>\u3051\u3069\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u306f\u5fd9\u3057\u3044\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u6687<em>\u3067\u3059<\/em>\u3051\u3069\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u306f\u5fd9\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u6687<em>\u3060<\/em>\u304c\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u306f\u5fd9\u3057\u3044\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u6687<em>\u3067\u3059<\/em>\u304c\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u306f\u5fd9\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the noun or na-adjective is already conjugated \uff08such as the negative \u300c\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u300d\uff09, you don&#8217;t need to add \u300c\u3060\u300d.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>(I&#8217;m) not free today but (I&#8217;m) free tomorrow.\n<ol>\n<li>\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u6687<em>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3051\u3069\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u306f\u6687\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u6687<em>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u304c\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u306f\u6687\u3002<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Combining two sentences with &#8220;so&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p>You can combine two sentences with \u300c\u304b\u3089\u300d or \u300c\u306e\u3067\u300d to show a reason and result but it&#8217;s important to remember that the reason comes first. Therefore, it may be helpful to remember the definition as &#8220;so&#8221; rather than &#8220;because&#8221; to match the order. \u300c\u306e\u3067\u300d is slightly more polite and formal compared to \u300c\u304b\u3089\u300d.<\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3053\u3053 &#8211; here<\/li>\n<li>\u3046\u308b\u3055\u3044 &#8211; noisy<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\u3053\u3053\u306f\u3001\u3046\u308b\u3055\u3044<em>\u304b\u3089<\/em>\u3001\u3042\u307e\u308a\u597d\u304d\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n(It&#8217;s) noisy here <em>so<\/em> (I) don&#8217;t like it very much.<\/li>\n<li>\u3053\u3053\u306f\u3001\u3046\u308b\u3055\u3044\u3067\u3059<em>\u306e\u3067<\/em>\u3001\u3042\u307e\u308a\u597d\u304d\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n<p>(It&#8217;s) noisy here <em>so<\/em> (I) don&#8217;t like it very much.><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Note<\/b>: Once again, If the first clause ends with a noun or na-adjective without anything else \uff08such as \u300c\u3067\u3059\u300d or \u300c\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u300d\uff09, you <i>must<\/i> add \u300c\u3060\u300d for \u300c\u304b\u3089\u300d and \u300c\u306a\u300d for \u300c\u306e\u3067\u300d.<\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3053\u3053 &#8211; here<\/li>\n<li>\u9759\u304b \u3010\u3057\u305a\u30fb\u304b\u3011 &#8211; quiet<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>(It&#8217;s) quiet here so (I) like it.<\/li>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3053\u3053\u306f\u9759\u304b<em>\u3060<\/em>\u304b\u3089\u3001\u597d\u304d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u3053\u3053\u306f\u9759\u304b<em>\u3067\u3059<\/em>\u304b\u3089\u3001\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u3053\u3053\u306f\u9759\u304b<em>\u306a<\/em>\u306e\u3067\u3001\u597d\u304d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u3053\u3053\u306f\u9759\u304b<em>\u3067\u3059<\/em>\u306e\u3067\u3001\u597d\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Once again, this only applies to nouns and na-adjectives that are not conjugated to another tense.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>(It&#8217;s) not quiet here so (I) don&#8217;t like it very much.<\/li>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3053\u3053\u306f\u9759\u304b<em>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3042\u307e\u308a\u597d\u304d\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u3053\u3053\u306f\u9759\u304b<em>\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3042\u307e\u308a\u597d\u304d\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Combining two sentences with &#8220;despite&#8221;<\/h2>\n<p>Similarly, you can attach two sentences with \u300c\u306e\u306b\u300d to mean &#8220;despite&#8221; or &#8220;in spite of&#8221;. Similar to \u300c\u306e\u3067\u300d, you must attach \u300c\u306a\u300d when the first clause ends with a plain noun or na-adjective.<\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5148\u751f \u3010\u305b\u3093\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 &#8211; teacher<\/li>\n<li>\u3068\u3066\u3082 &#8211; very<\/li>\n<li>\u82e5\u3044 \u3010\u308f\u304b\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) &#8211; young<\/li>\n<li>\u4eca\u5e74 \u3010\u3053\u30fb\u3068\u3057\u3011 &#8211; this year<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u666f\u6c17 \u3010\u3075\u30fb\u3051\u3044\u30fb\u304d\u3011 &#8211; (economic) recession<\/li>\n<li>\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30de\u30b9 &#8211; Christmas<\/li>\n<li>\u304a\u5ba2\u3055\u3093 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u304d\u3083\u304f\u30fb\u3055\u3093\u3011 &#8211; customer<\/li>\n<li>\u5c11\u306a\u3044 \u3010\u3059\u304f\u30fb\u306a\u3044\u3011(i-adj) &#8211; few, scarce<\/li>\n<li>\u304b\u308f\u3044\u3044 (i-adj) &#8211; cute<\/li>\n<li>\u771f\u9762\u76ee \u3010\u307e\u30fb\u3058\u30fb\u3081\u3011 (na-adj) &#8211; serious; diligent<\/li>\n<li>\u7537 \u3010\u304a\u3068\u3053\u3011 &#8211; man<\/li>\n<li>\u53cb\u9054\u3000\u3010\u3068\u3082\u30fb\u3060\u3061\u3011 &#8211; friend<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"toggleSpoilers(); return false;\">Toggle Translations<\/a><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u7530\u4e2d\u3055\u3093\u306f\u3001\u5148\u751f<em>\u306a\u306e\u306b<\/em>\u3001\u3068\u3066\u3082\u82e5\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<br \/>\n<span class=\"spoiler\">Despite the fact that Tanaka-san is (a) teacher, (she) is very young.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u4eca\u5e74\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u666f\u6c17\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30de\u30b9<em>\u306a\u306e\u306b<\/em>\u3001\u304a\u5ba2\u3055\u3093\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n<span class=\"spoiler\">This year is recession so despite it being Christmas, customers are few.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u304b\u308f\u3044\u3044<em>\u306e\u306b<\/em>\u3001\u771f\u9762\u76ee\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7537\u306e\u53cb\u9054\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n<span class=\"spoiler\">Although Alice is cute, because (she&#8217;s) serious, (she has) few male friends.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Leaving parts out<\/h2>\n<p>You can leave out either side of the conjunction if it&#8217;s understood by context.<\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<p>\u30b9\u30df\u30b9\uff1a \u3053\u3053\u306f\u3001\u597d\u304d\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n\u30ea\u30fc\uff1a \u306a\u3093\u3067\uff1f<br \/>\n\u30b9\u30df\u30b9\uff1a <em>\u3046\u308b\u3055\u3044\u304b\u3089<\/em>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"toggleSpoilers(); return false;\">Toggle Translations<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"spoiler\"><br \/>\nSmith: I don&#8217;t like (it) here.<br \/>\nLee: Why?<br \/>\nSmith: Because it&#8217;s noisy.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>If you leave the first part out, you still need to add \u300c\u3067\u3059\u300d, \u300c\u3060\u300d, or \u300c\u306a\u300d just as if the first sentence was there.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u56f3\u66f8\u9928 \u3010\u3068\u30fb\u3057\u3087\u30fb\u304b\u3093\u3011 &#8211; library<\/li>\n<li>\u3053\u3053 &#8211; here<\/li>\n<li>\u3042\u307e\u308a &#8211; not very (when used with negative)<\/li>\n<li>\u597d\u304d \u3010\u3059\u30fb\u304d\u3011 &#8211; likable<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u308a\u30fc\uff1a\u3000\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u306a\u306e\u306b\u3001\u3053\u3053\u306f\u3044\u3064\u3082\u3046\u308b\u3055\u3044\u3088\u306d\u3002<br \/>\n\u30b9\u30df\u30b9\uff1a\u3000<em>\u3060<\/em>\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3042\u307e\u308a\u597d\u304d\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"toggleSpoilers(); return false;\">Toggle Translations<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"spoiler\">Lee: Despite the fact (it&#8217;s) library, (It&#8217;s) always noisy here, huh?<br \/>\nSmith: That&#8217;s why I don&#8217;t like (it) very much.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Other options would be the same as it would be with both sentences.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><em>\u3067\u3059<\/em>\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3042\u307e\u308a\u597d\u304d\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n<li><em>\u306a<\/em>\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3042\u307e\u308a\u597d\u304d\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>You can even leave out both parts of the conjunction as seen in the next dialogue.<\/p>\n<h3>So what?<\/h3>\n<p>\u30ea\u30fc\uff1a \u6700\u8fd1\u306f\u3001\u5fd9\u3057\u3044\u3088\u3002<br \/>\n\u30b9\u30df\u30b9\uff1a <em>\u3060\u304b\u3089<\/em>\uff1f<br \/>\n\u30ea\u30fc\uff1a <em>\u3060\u304b\u3089<\/em>\u3001\u5927\u5909\u3060\u3088\uff01<em>\u3060\u3051\u3069<\/em>\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u3001\u3084\u3063\u3068\u6687<em>\u3060\u304b\u3089<\/em>\u3001\u3046\u308c\u3057\u3044\uff01<br \/>\n\u30b9\u30df\u30b9\uff1a \u3042\u3063\u3001\u305d\u3046\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#\" onclick=\"toggleSpoilers(); return false;\">Toggle Translations<\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"spoiler\"><br \/>\nLee: I&#8217;m busy lately, you know?<br \/>\nSmith: So?<br \/>\nLee: So (it&#8217;s) tough, you know! But (I&#8217;m) finally free today so (I&#8217;m) happy!<br \/>\nSmith: Oh, is that so?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Combining two sentences with &#8220;but&#8221; You may remember we already used \u300c\u3067\u3082\u300d to mean &#8220;but&#8221; or &#8220;however&#8221;. While \u300c\u3067\u3082\u300d is always used at the beginning of a new sentence, there are two conjunctions that also mean &#8220;but&#8221; and can be used to combine two sentences together into one compound sentence, similar to English. The two &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/complete\/conjunctions\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Compound Sentences&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"series":[7],"class_list":["post-409","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nouns-and-adjectives","series-complete-guide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/409","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=409"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/409\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=409"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=409"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=409"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=409"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}