{"id":456,"date":"2017-10-16T19:19:54","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T23:19:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=456"},"modified":"2017-10-17T15:10:35","modified_gmt":"2017-10-17T19:10:35","slug":"verb-sequences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/complete\/verb_sequences","title":{"rendered":"Verb sequences"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this section, we’ll learn how to describe verbs that happen after, before, and at the same time as another verb. To describe clauses that happen sequentially, we must first learn all the te-form conjugation rules.<\/p>\n

Te-form conjugation rules<\/h2>\n

For the progressive tense, we only needed to learn the conjugation rules for plain verbs. However, nouns, adjectives, and the negative form can also be conjugated to the te-form.<\/p>\n

\nTe-form conjugation rules<\/span><\/p>\n
    \n
  1. Plain nouns and na-adjectives<\/b>: Attach \u300c\u3067\u300d to the noun or na-adjective.
    \nExamples<\/p>\n
      \n
    1. \u5b66\u751f+\u3067<\/em> = \u5b66\u751f\u3067<\/em><\/li>\n
    2. \u6687+\u3067<\/em> = \u6687\u3067<\/em><\/li>\n
    3. \u304d\u308c\u3044+\u3067<\/em> = \u304d\u308c\u3044\u3067<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
    4. I-adjectives and negative<\/b>: Replace the last \u300c\u3044\u300d with \u300c\u304f\u3066\u300d.
      \nExamples<\/p>\n
        \n
      1. \u304b\u308f\u3044\u3044<\/strike>+\u304f\u3066<\/em> = \u304b\u308f\u3044\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/li>\n
      2. \u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3044<\/strike>+\u304f\u3066<\/em> = \u5b66\u751f\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/li>\n
      3. \u98df\u3079\u306a\u3044<\/strike>+\u304f\u3066<\/em> = \u98df\u3079\u306a\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
      4. Exceptions<\/b>: As usual \u300c\u3044\u3044\u300d conjugates from \u300c\u3088\u3044\u300d\n
          \n
        1. \u3044\u3044 \u2192 \u3088\u3044<\/strike>+\u304f\u3066<\/em> = \u3088\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/li>\n
        2. \u304b\u3063\u3053\u3044\u3044 \u2192 \u304b\u3063\u3053\u3088\u3044<\/strike>+\u304f\u3066<\/em> = \u304b\u3063\u3053\u3088\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

          Sequence of actions<\/h2>\n

          The te-form we learned at the beginning of this chapter is very versatile and has many uses. In fact, the te-form alone is used to express a sequence of actions that happen one after another. This will make your conversations smoother as it allows you to connect multiple sentences instead of having many smaller, separate sentences that are often too short.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u671d \u3010\u3042\u3055\u3011- morning<\/li>\n
          2. \u8d77\u304d\u308b \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u304d\u308b\u3011(ru-verb) – to get up; to happen<\/li>\n
          3. \u305d\u3057\u3066 – and then<\/li>\n
          4. \u671d\u3054\u98ef \u3010\u3042\u3055\u30fb\u3054\u30fb\u306f\u3093\u3011- breakfast<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
              \n
            • \u671d\u3001\u8d77\u304d\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u671d\u3054\u98ef\u3092\u98df\u3079\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u306b\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002
              \nMorning, (I) woke up. Then (I) ate breakfast. Then, (I) went to school.<\/li>\n
            • \u671d\u3001\u8d77\u304d\u3066<\/em>\u3001\u671d\u3054\u98ef\u3092\u98df\u3079\u3066<\/em>\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u306b\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002
              \nMorning, (I) woke up, ate breakfast, and went to school.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Example<\/h3>\n
                \n
              1. \u5f7c\u5973 \u3010\u304b\u306e\u30fb\u3058\u3087\u3011 – she; girlfriend<\/li>\n
              2. \u512a\u3057\u3044 \u3010\u3084\u3055\u30fb\u3057\u3044\u3011(i-adj) – gentle<\/li>\n
              3. \u982d \u3010\u3042\u305f\u307e\u3011 – head<\/li>\n
              4. \u4eba\u6c17 \u3010\u306b\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3011 – popularity<\/li>\n
              5. \u3069\u3046\u3059\u308b – what should one do (lit: how do)<\/li>\n
              6. \u98f2\u307f\u4f1a \u3010\u306e\u30fb\u307f\u30fb\u304b\u3044\u3011 – drinking party<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                  \n
                1. \u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u3001\u304d\u308c\u3044\u3067<\/em>\u3001\u512a\u3057\u304f\u3066<\/em>\u3001\u982d\u3082\u3044\u3044\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7686\u306b\u4eba\u6c17\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002
                  \nBecause she is pretty, gentle, and smart, (she’s) popular with everybody.<\/li>\n
                2. \u5bbf\u984c\u3092\u3057\u306a\u304f\u3066<\/em>\u3001\u3069\u3046\u3059\u308b\u3093\u3060\u3088\uff1f
                  \n(You) don’t do homework and what are you going to do?<\/li>\n
                3. \u98f2\u307f\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u4eca\u65e5\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304f\u3066<\/em>\u3001\u660e\u65e5\u3067\u3059\u3002
                  \nDrinking party is not today, it’s tomorrow.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Before and after<\/h2>\n

                  You can use \u300c\u524d\u300d and \u300c\u5f8c\u300d to describe an action as happening before or after another action.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. \u524d \u3010\u307e\u3048\u3011 – front; before<\/li>\n
                  2. \u5f8c \u3010\u3042\u3068\u3011 – after<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Example<\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    1. \u5bdd\u308b \u3010\u306d\u30fb\u308b\u3011(ru-verb) – to sleep<\/li>\n
                    2. \u98a8\u5442 \u3010\u3075\u30fb\u308d\u3011 – bath<\/li>\n
                    3. \u5165\u308b \u3010\u306f\u3044\u30fb\u308b\u3011(u-verb) – to enter<\/li>\n
                    4. \u3053\u3053 – here<\/li>\n
                    5. \u6765\u308b \u3010\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011(exception) – to come<\/li>\n
                    6. \u3061\u3083\u3093\u3068 – properly<\/li>\n
                    7. \u9023\u7d61 \u3010\u308c\u3093\u30fb\u3089\u304f\u3011 – contact<\/li>\n
                    8. \u3059\u308b \u3010\u3059\u30fb\u308b\u3011(exception) – to do<\/li>\n
                    9. \u663c \u3010\u3072\u308b\u3011 – afternoon<\/li>\n
                    10. \u3054\u98ef \u3010\u3054\u30fb\u306f\u3093\u3011 – rice; meal<\/li>\n
                    11. \u663c\u3054\u98ef \u3010\u3072\u308b\u30fb\u3054\u30fb\u306f\u3093\u3011 – lunch<\/li>\n
                    12. \u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u30fb\u3079\u308b\u3011(ru-verb) – to eat<\/li>\n
                    13. \u5bbf\u984c \u3010\u3057\u3085\u304f\u30fb\u3060\u3044\u3011 – homework<\/li>\n
                    14. \u6cf3\u3050 \u3010\u304a\u3088\u30fb\u3050\u3011(u-verb) – to swim<\/li>\n
                    15. \u5371\u306a\u3044 \u3010\u3042\u3076\u30fb\u306a\u3044\u3011(i-adj) – dangerous<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                        \n
                      1. \u5bdd\u308b\u524d<\/em>\u306b\u3001\u304a\u98a8\u5442\u306b\u5165\u308b\u3002
                        \nTake a bath before going to sleep.<\/li>\n
                      2. \u3053\u3053\u306b\u6765\u308b\u524d<\/em>\u306b\u3001\u3061\u3083\u3093\u3068\u9023\u7d61\u3057\u305f\u3088\u3002
                        \n(I) properly contacted (you) before (I) came here.<\/li>\n
                      3. \u663c\u3054\u98ef\u3092\u98df\u3079\u305f\u5f8c<\/em>\u3001\u5bbf\u984c\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3002
                        \nDid homework after eating lunch.<\/li>\n
                      4. \u98df\u3079\u305f\u5f8c<\/em>\u3001\u6cf3\u3050\u306e\u306f\u5371\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002
                        \nSwim after eating is dangerous.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Note:<\/b> Be careful of the tense of the verb that comes before \u300c\u524d\u300d and \u300c\u5f8c\u300d. \u300c\u524d\u300d is non-past while \u300c\u5f8c\u300d is always past tense.<\/p>\n

                        Another way to describe an action is to use the te-form with \u300c\u304b\u3089\u300d. While similar to \u300c\u5f8c\u300d, \u300c\uff5e\u3066\u304b\u3089\u300d conveys a stronger and more immediate relation between the two events, often used for situations where the previous action needs to be completed for the next action to start.<\/p>\n

                        Example<\/h3>\n
                          \n
                        1. \u6669\u3054\u98ef \u3010\u3070\u3093\u30fb\u3054\u30fb\u306f\u3093\u3011 – dinner<\/li>\n
                        2. \u7fd2\u3046 \u3010\u306a\u3089\u30fb\u3046\u3011(u-verb) – to learn<\/li>\n
                        3. \u3044\u3044 (i-adj) – good<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                            \n
                          1. \u6669\u3054\u98ef\u3092\u98df\u3079\u3066\u304b\u3089<\/em>\u3001\u5bbf\u984c\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3002
                            \n(I’ll) do homework after (I) eat dinner.<\/li>\n
                          2. \u30ab\u30bf\u30ab\u30ca\u306f\u3001\u3072\u3089\u304c\u306a\u3092\u7fd2\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089<\/em>\u7fd2\u3046\u306e\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3002
                            \nAs for Katakana, (it) is good to learn after learning Hiragana<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Two simultaneous actions<\/h2>\n

                            You can express two actions that are taking place simultaneously by attaching \u300c\u306a\u304c\u3089\u300d to the end of the stem of the first verb. The tense is determined by the main verb at the end.<\/p>\n

                            \nUsing \u300c\u306a\u304c\u3089<\/span>\u300d for concurrent actions<\/span><\/p>\n