{"id":468,"date":"2017-10-16T19:31:53","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T23:31:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=468"},"modified":"2017-10-17T15:12:18","modified_gmt":"2017-10-17T19:12:18","slug":"chapter4-summary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/complete\/chapter4_summary","title":{"rendered":"Chapter summary and practice"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In this chapter, we learned the progressive and past tense for both positive and negative verbs. We also learned the te-form for the progressive tense as well a number of other uses. <\/p>\n<p>Here is a list of examples using the various conjugations we learned in this chapter.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<caption>Te-form Conjugation Examples<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Plain<\/th>\n<th>Te-form<\/th>\n<th>Negative Te-form<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Noun\/na-adjective<\/th>\n<td>\u597d\u304d<\/td>\n<td>\u597d\u304d<em>\u3067<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u597d\u304d\u3058\u3083\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>I-adjective<\/th>\n<td>\u5927\u304d\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u304d<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Exception<\/th>\n<td>\u3044\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u3088<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u3088\u304f\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em>*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Ru-verb<\/th>\n<td>\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/td>\n<td>\u98df\u3079<em>\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u98df\u3079\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u3059-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u8a71\u3059<\/td>\n<td>\u8a71<em>\u3057\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u8a71\u3055\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u304f-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u66f8\u304f<\/td>\n<td>\u66f8<em>\u3044\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u66f8\u304b\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u3050-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u6cf3\u3050<\/td>\n<td>\u6cf3<em>\u3044\u3067<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u6cf3\u304c\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u3080-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u98f2\u3080<\/td>\n<td>\u98f2<em>\u3093\u3067<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u98f2\u307e\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u3076-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u904a\u3076<\/td>\n<td>\u904a<em>\u3093\u3067<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u904a\u3070\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u306c-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u6b7b\u306c<\/td>\n<td>\u6b7b<em>\u3093\u3067<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u6b7b\u306a\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u308b-ending (u-verb)<\/th>\n<td>\u5207\u308b<\/td>\n<td>\u5207<em>\u3063\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u5207\u3089\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u3046-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3046<\/td>\n<td>\u8cb7<em>\u3063\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u8cb7\u308f\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u3064-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u6301\u3064<\/td>\n<td>\u6301<em>\u3063\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u6301\u305f\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Exception<\/th>\n<td>\u884c\u304f<\/td>\n<td>\u884c<em>\u3063\u3066<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u884c\u304b\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Exception<\/th>\n<td>\u3059\u308b<\/td>\n<td><em>\u3057\u3066<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u3057\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em>*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Exception<\/th>\n<td>\u304f\u308b\uff08\u6765\u308b\uff09<\/td>\n<td><em>\u304d\u3066<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u3053\u306a<em>\u304f\u3066<\/em>*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>* = exceptions<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<caption>Past Conjugation Examples<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Plain<\/th>\n<th>Past<\/th>\n<th>Negative Past<\/th>\n<th>Polite Past<\/th>\n<th>Polite Negative Past<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Noun\/na-adjective<\/th>\n<td>\u597d\u304d<\/td>\n<td>\u597d\u304d<em>\u3060\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u597d\u304d\u3058\u3083\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u597d\u304d<em>\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u597d\u304d\u3058\u3083\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>I-adjective<\/th>\n<td>\u5927\u304d\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u304d<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u304d<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Exception<\/th>\n<td>\u3044\u3044<\/td>\n<td>\u3088<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u3088\u304f\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u3088<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u3088\u304f\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059<\/em>*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Ru-verb<\/th>\n<td>\u98df\u3079\u308b<\/td>\n<td>\u98df\u3079<em>\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u98df\u3079\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u98df\u3079<em>\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u98df\u3079<em>\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u3059-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u8a71\u3059<\/td>\n<td>\u8a71<em>\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u8a71\u3055\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u8a71<em>\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u8a71<em>\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u304f-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u66f8\u304f<\/td>\n<td>\u66f8<em>\u3044\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u66f8\u304b\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u66f8<em>\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u66f8<em>\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u3050-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u6cf3\u3050<\/td>\n<td>\u6cf3<em>\u3044\u3060<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u6cf3\u304c\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u6cf3<em>\u304e\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u6cf3<em>\u304e\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u3080-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u98f2\u3080<\/td>\n<td>\u98f2<em>\u3093\u3060<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u98f2\u307e\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u98f2<em>\u307f\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u98f2<em>\u307f\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u3076-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u904a\u3076<\/td>\n<td>\u904a<em>\u3093\u3060<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u904a\u3070\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u904a<em>\u3073\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u904a<em>\u3073\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u306c-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u6b7b\u306c<\/td>\n<td>\u6b7b<em>\u3093\u3060<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u6b7b\u306a\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u6b7b<em>\u306b\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u6b7b<em>\u306b\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u308b-ending (u-verb)<\/th>\n<td>\u5207\u308b<\/td>\n<td>\u5207<em>\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u5207\u3089\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u5207<em>\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u5207<em>\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u3046-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3046<\/td>\n<td>\u8cb7<em>\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u8cb7\u308f\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u8cb7<em>\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u8cb7<em>\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u3064-ending<\/th>\n<td>\u6301\u3064<\/td>\n<td>\u6301<em>\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u6301\u305f\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u6301<em>\u3061\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u6301<em>\u3061\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<th>Exception<\/th>\n<td>\u884c\u304f<\/td>\n<td>\u884c<em>\u3063\u305f<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u884c\u304b\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u884c<em>\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<td>\u884c<em>\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Exception<\/th>\n<td>\u3059\u308b<\/td>\n<td><em>\u3057\u305f<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u3057\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u3057<em>\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u3057<em>\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em>*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Exception<\/th>\n<td>\u304f\u308b\uff08\u6765\u308b\uff09<\/td>\n<td><em>\u304d\u305f<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u3053\u306a<em>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u304d<em>\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em>*<\/td>\n<td>\u304d<em>\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/em>*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>* = exceptions<\/p>\n<h2>Conjugation practice<\/h2>\n<p>We learned many conjugation rules in this chapter which you&#8217;ll need to practice until they are almost instinctive both for speaking and listening. I recommend using flash cards to practice conjugation rules using a mix of every type of verb, adjective, and nouns.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some suggestions and examples of how you might want to make your own cards. The important thing is to focus your cards on areas you are weak at and to make sure you are comfortable with conjugating any word in any tense at a moment&#8217;s notice.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<table style=\"width: 200px; border: 1px solid black;\">\n<caption>Front side<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th>\u8cb7\u3046\u3010\u304b\u3046\u3011 &#8211; to buy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>past<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>negative<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>negative past<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<table style=\"width: 200px; border: 1px solid black;\">\n<caption>Back side<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th>\u8cb7\u3046\u3010\u304b\u3046\u3011 &#8211; to buy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3063\u305f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u308f\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u308f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<table style=\"width: 200px; border: 1px solid black;\">\n<caption>Front side<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th>\u8cb7\u3046\u3010\u304b\u3046\u3011 &#8211; to buy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>polite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>polite past<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>polite negative<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>polite negative past<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<table style=\"width: 200px; border: 1px solid black;\">\n<caption>Back side<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th>\u8cb7\u3046\u3010\u304b\u3046\u3011 &#8211; to buy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<table style=\"width: 200px; border: 1px solid black;\">\n<caption>Front side<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th>\u8cb7\u3046\u3010\u304b\u3046\u3011 &#8211; to buy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>buying<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>was buying<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>not buying<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>wasn&#8217;t buying<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<table style=\"width: 200px; border: 1px solid black;\">\n<caption>Back side<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th>\u8cb7\u3046\u3010\u304b\u3046\u3011 &#8211; to buy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<table style=\"width: 200px; border: 1px solid black;\">\n<caption>Front side<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th>\u8cb7\u3046\u3010\u304b\u3046\u3011 &#8211; to buy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>want to buy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>wanted to buy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>not want to buy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>didn&#8217;t want to buy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<table style=\"width: 200px; border: 1px solid black;\">\n<caption>Back side<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th>\u8cb7\u3046\u3010\u304b\u3046\u3011 &#8211; to buy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3044\u305f\u3044<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3044\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3044<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8cb7\u3044\u305f\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>To get a good representation, you should use at least these common verbs, nouns, and adjectives.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5b66\u751f \u3010\u304c\u304f\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 &#8211; student<\/li>\n<li>\u5148\u751f \u3010\u305b\u3093\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 &#8211; teacher<\/li>\n<li>\u5143\u6c17 \u3010\u3052\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3011(na-adj) &#8211; healthy; lively<\/li>\n<li>\u597d\u304d \u3010\u3059\u30fb\u304d\u3011(na-adj) &#8211; likable<\/li>\n<li>\u5acc\u3044 \u3010\u304d\u3089\u3044\u3011(na-adj) &#8211; distasteful<\/li>\n<li>\u304d\u308c\u3044 (na-adj) &#8211; clean; pretty<\/li>\n<li>\u5927\u304d\u3044 \u3010\u304a\u304a\u30fb\u304d\u3044\u3011(i-adj) &#8211; big<\/li>\n<li>\u5c0f\u3055\u3044 \u3010\u3061\u3044\u30fb\u3055\u3044\u3011(i-adj) &#8211; small<\/li>\n<li>\u3044\u3044 (i-adj) &#8211; good<\/li>\n<li>\u304b\u3063\u3053\u3044\u3044 (i-adj) &#8211; cool; handsome<\/li>\n<li>\u898b\u308b \u3010\u307f\u30fb\u308b\u3011(ru-verb) &#8211; to see<\/li>\n<li>\u98df\u3079\u308b \u3010\u305f\u3079\u30fb\u308b\u3011(ru-verb) &#8211; to eat<\/li>\n<li>\u7740\u308b \u3010\u304d\u30fb\u308b\u3011(ru-verb) &#8211; to wear<\/li>\n<li>\u5207\u308b \u3010\u304d\u30fb\u308b\u3011(u-verb) &#8211; to cut<\/li>\n<li>\u3044\u308b (ru-verb) &#8211; to exist (animate)<\/li>\n<li>\u3042\u308b (u-verb) &#8211; to exist (inanimate)<\/li>\n<li>\u8a71\u3059 \u3010\u306f\u306a\u30fb\u3059\u3011(u-verb) &#8211; to talk<\/li>\n<li>\u66f8\u304f \u3010\u304b\u30fb\u304f\u3011(u-verb) &#8211; to write<\/li>\n<li>\u884c\u304f \u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011(u-verb) &#8211; to go<\/li>\n<li>\u6cf3\u3050 \u3010\u304a\u3088\u30fb\u3050\u3011(u-verb) &#8211; to swim<\/li>\n<li>\u98f2\u3080 \u3010\u306e\u30fb\u3080\u3011(u-verb) &#8211; to drink<\/li>\n<li>\u904a\u3076 \u3010\u3042\u305d\u30fb\u3076\u3011(u-verb) &#8211; to play<\/li>\n<li>\u6b7b\u306c \u3010\u3057\u30fb\u306c\u3011(u-verb) &#8211; to die<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u3046 \u3010\u3064\u304b\u30fb\u3046\u3011(u-verb) &#8211; to use<\/li>\n<li>\u6765\u308b \u3010\u304f\u30fb\u308b\u3011(exception) &#8211; to come<\/li>\n<li>\u3059\u308b (exception) &#8211; to do<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Telling stories<\/h2>\n<p>Conversation is often made up of narratives whether it&#8217;s about events happening around us or what people think and feel. In this chapter, we&#8217;ve learned many grammatical structures that allow us to talk about what&#8217;s happening and what people are thinking and saying.<\/p>\n<p>A good way to practice what you learned in this chapter is to talk or write about anything on your mind whether it&#8217;s something interesting that happened recently, somebody you&#8217;ve recently met, or what your plans are for the future. Below is a very small list of things you can write and talk about.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3053\u3068 &#8211; matter; event<\/li>\n<li>\u81ea\u5206 \u3010\u3058\u30fb\u3076\u3093\u3011 &#8211; oneself<\/li>\n<li>\u601d\u3046 \u3010\u304a\u3082\u30fb\u3046\u3011 (u-verb) &#8211; to think<\/li>\n<li>\u611f\u3058\u308b \u3010\u304b\u3093\u30fb\u3058\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) &#8211; to feel<\/li>\n<li>\u6700\u8fd1 \u3010\u3055\u3044\u30fb\u304d\u3093\u3011 &#8211; recent; lately<\/li>\n<li>\u8d77\u304d\u308b \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u304d\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) &#8211; to occur; to awake<\/li>\n<li>\u9762\u767d\u3044 \u3010\u304a\u3082\u30fb\u3057\u308d\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) &#8211; interesting<\/li>\n<li>\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e \u3010\u306b\u30fb\u307b\u3093\u30fb\u3054\u3011 &#8211; Japanese (language)<\/li>\n<li>\u52c9\u5f37 \u3010\u3079\u3093\u30fb\u304d\u3087\u3046\u3011 &#8211; study<\/li>\n<li>\u7406\u7531 \u3010\u308a\u30fb\u3086\u3046\u3011 &#8211; reason<\/li>\n<li>\u5c06\u6765 \u3010\u3057\u3087\u3046\u30fb\u3089\u3044\u3011 &#8211; future<\/li>\n<li>\u3059\u308b (exception) &#8211; to do<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li>\u81ea\u5206\u304c\u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3084\u611f\u3058\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3002<br \/>\nThing(s) oneself is thinking and feeling lately (among other things).<\/li>\n<li>\u6700\u8fd1\u8d77\u304d\u305f\u9762\u767d\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3002<br \/>\nInteresting thing(s) that happened recently.<\/li>\n<li>\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u7406\u7531\u3002<br \/>\nReason why (you) thought (you) want to study Japanese.<\/li>\n<li>\u5c06\u6765\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3002<br \/>\nThing(s) (you) want to do in the future.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this chapter, we learned the progressive and past tense for both positive and negative verbs. We also learned the te-form for the progressive tense as well a number of other uses. Here is a list of examples using the various conjugations we learned in this chapter. Te-form Conjugation Examples Plain Te-form Negative Te-form Noun\/na-adjective &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/complete\/chapter4_summary\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Chapter summary and practice&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"series":[7],"class_list":["post-468","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-verb-tenses-and-clauses","series-complete-guide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/468","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=468"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/468\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=468"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=468"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=468"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=468"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}