{"id":512,"date":"2017-10-16T19:51:09","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T23:51:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=512"},"modified":"2017-10-31T17:31:16","modified_gmt":"2017-10-31T21:31:16","slug":"required-actions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/complete\/required","title":{"rendered":"Required actions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>We learned how to say we don&#8217;t have to do something in the last section but we did not cover how to talk about things that <b>have<\/b> to be done. Because of the way it&#8217;s phrased in Japanese, the grammar for saying something has to be done is completely different than the grammar for saying something <b>doesn&#8217;t<\/b> have to be done.<\/p>\n<p>First, let&#8217;s look at how to express something that one must <b>not<\/b> do.<\/p>\n<h2>Things that one must not do<\/h2>\n<p>Things that one must <b>not<\/b> do are expressed by using one of the three words: \u300c\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3001\u300c\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3001 and \u300c\u3060\u3081\u300d. These are all negative expressions (the first two is actually using the negative form) meaning that something won&#8217;t do or is no good. Conjugating these expressions are simple if we know where they originate from.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3044\u3051\u308b (ru-verb) &#8211; can work; can make it; lit: can go \uff08potential form of \u300c\u884c\u304f\u300d\uff09<\/li>\n<li>\u306a\u308b (u-verb) &#8211; to become<\/li>\n<li>\u99c4\u76ee \u3010\u3060\u30fb\u3081\u3011 (na-adj) &#8211; no good<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>While we can use \u300c\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u300d and \u300c\u3060\u3081\u300d by themselves as shown in the examples below \u300c\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d cannot be used by itself.<\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3053\u3053\u3067\u643a\u5e2f\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u306e\u306f<em>\u3060\u3081<\/em>\uff1f<br \/>\nIs using cell phone here bad?<\/li>\n<li>\u305d\u308c\u306f<em>\u3044\u3051\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/em>\u306d\u3002<br \/>\nThat&#8217;s wrong\/bad\/no good.<\/li>\n<li>\u3054\u4e21\u89aa\u306b\u6559\u3048\u305f\u306e\u304c<em>\u3044\u3051\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em>\u3093\u3060\u3088\u3002<br \/>\nTelling (your) parents is what was no good.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>We can use either of the three words with verbs to say that action is no good or in essence, &#8220;one <b>must not<\/b> do the action&#8221; by using the following rule.<\/p>\n<div class=\"sumbox\">\n<span class=\"summary\">How to say: Must not [verb]<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Take the te-form of the verb, add the \u300c\u306f\u300d (wa) particle and then attach either \u300c\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3001\u300c\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3001 or \u300c\u3060\u3081\u300d.<br \/>\nExample<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u98df\u3079\u3066\uff0b\u306f\uff0b\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u3060\u3081<br \/>\n= \u98df\u3079\u3066<em>\u306f\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3001\u98df\u3079\u3066<em>\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3001\u98df\u3079\u3066<em>\u306f\u3060\u3081<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u8cb7\u3063\u3066\uff0b\u306f\uff0b\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u3060\u3081<br \/>\n= \u8cb7\u3063\u3066<em>\u306f\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3001\u8cb7\u3063\u3066<em>\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3001\u8cb7\u3063\u3066<em>\u306f\u3060\u3081<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u3057\u3066\uff0b\u306f\uff0b\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u3060\u3081<br \/>\n= \u3057\u3066<em>\u306f\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3001\u3057\u3066<em>\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3001\u3057\u3066<em>\u306f\u3060\u3081<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u7537\u306e\u4eba\u306f\u3053\u3053\u306b<em>\u5165\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3044\u3051\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/em>\u3088\u3002<br \/>\nMen <em>must not enter<\/em> here, you know.<\/li>\n<li>\u304a\u9152\u3092\u98f2\u3093\u3060\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u8eca\u3092<em>\u904b\u8ee2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\nPeople who drank alcohol <em>must not drive<\/em> cars.<\/p>\n<li>\u60aa\u3044\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u751f\u5f92\u306b<em>\u6559\u3048\u3066\u306f\u3060\u3081<\/em>\u3067\u3059\u3088\u3002<br \/>\n(You) <em>must not teach<\/em> students bad words, you know.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Things that must be done<\/h2>\n<p>In order to say that something <b>must<\/b> be done, we say <b>not<\/b> doing something is bad by using the previous grammar we just learned but with negative verbs. You can also use two of the conditionals we learned in the last chapter. This grammar may be a bit confusing at first because we need to use double negatives to say one must do something.<\/p>\n<div class=\"sumbox\">\n<span class=\"summary\">How to say: Must [verb]<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Negative te-form +\u300c\u306f\u300d (wa) particle + \u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u3060\u3081<\/li>\n<li>Negative verb + \u300c\u3068\u300d(conditional) + \u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u3060\u3081<\/li>\n<li>Negative verb + \u300c\u3070\u300d conditional + \u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u3060\u3081<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"comic\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/comics\/comic13.png\" style=\"max-width: 400px;\" alt=\"\u307e\u305f\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\uff1f\" title=\"\u306a\u3093\u3067\u3070\u308c\u305f\u306e\uff1f\" \/><\/p>\n<div style=\"position: relative; float: right; padding-right: 25px; top: -15px;\">art by Josh Khoo<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Comic 13<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u5148\u751f \u3010\u305b\u3093\u30fb\u305b\u3044\u3011 &#8211; teacher<\/li>\n<li>\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec &#8211; toilet; bathroom<\/li>\n<li>\u884c\u304f\u3000\u3010\u3044\u30fb\u304f\u3011 &#8211; to go<\/li>\n<li>\u3044\u3044 (i-adj) &#8211; good<\/li>\n<li>\u307e\u305f &#8211; again<\/li>\n<li>\u99c4\u76ee \u3010\u3060\u30fb\u3081\u3011 (na-adj) &#8211; no good<\/li>\n<li>\u7121\u99c4 \u3010\u3080\u30fb\u3060\u3011 (na-adj) &#8211; futile<\/li>\n<li>\u77ed\u3044 \u3010\u307f\u3058\u304b\u30fb\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) &#8211; short<\/li>\n<li>\u9593 \u3010\u3042\u3044\u3060\u3011 &#8211; interval (between)<\/li>\n<li>\u5bbf\u984c \u3010\u3057\u3085\u304f\u30fb\u3060\u3044\u3011 (n) &#8211; homework<\/li>\n<li>\u51fa\u6765\u308b \u3010\u3067\u30fb\u304d\u30fb\u308b\u3011 (ru-verb) &#8211; to be able to do<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\uff1a\u5148\u751f\u3001\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\u306b\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<br \/>\nJohn: Teacher, can (I) go to the bathroom?<\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u751f\uff1a\u307e\u305f<em>\u884c\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3068\u30c0\u30e1<\/em>\u306a\u306e\u304b\uff1f<br \/>\nTeacher: (You) have to go again?<\/p>\n<p>\u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\uff1a\u7121\u99c4\u3088\u3002\u30c8\u30a4\u30ec\u306b\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u77ed\u3044\u9593\u306b\u5bbf\u984c\u306a\u3093\u304b\u51fa\u6765\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3002<br \/>\nAlice: (It&#8217;s) useless, you know. (You) can&#8217;t do something like homework in (the) short interval of going to the bathroom.<\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3053\u306e\u85ac\u306f\u4e00\u65e5\u306b\u4e09\u56de<em>\u98f2\u307e\u306a\u304f\u3066\u306f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\n(You) <em>have to take<\/em> this medicine 3 times a day.<\/li>\n<li>\u660e\u65e5\u307e\u3067\u306b\u5bbf\u984c\u3092<em>\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\n(I) <em>have to do<\/em> homework by tomorrow.<\/li>\n<li>\u307e\u3060\u65e9\u3044\u306e\u306b\u3082\u3046<em>\u5e30\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3093\u3067\u3059\u304b\u3002<br \/>\nEven though (it&#8217;s) still early, do (you) <em>have to go home<\/em>?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Casual variatons<\/h2>\n<p>There are a couple of casual variations of the grammar we just learned listed below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"sumbox\" style=\"width: 350px;\">\n<span class=\"summary\">Casual shortcuts for required actions<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Replace \u300c\u3066\u306f\u300d with \u300c\u3061\u3083\u300d<\/li>\n<li>Replace \u300c\u3051\u308c\u3070\u300d with \u300c\u304d\u3083\u300d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u7537\u306e\u4eba\u306f\u3053\u3053\u306b\u5165\u3063<em>\u3061\u3083<\/em>\u3060\u3081\u3088\u3002<br \/>\nMen must not enter here, you know.<\/li>\n<li>\u307e\u3060\u65e9\u3044\u306e\u306b\u3082\u3046\u5e30\u3089\u306a<em>\u304d\u3083<\/em>\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u306e\uff1f<br \/>\nEven though (it&#8217;s) still early, do (you) have to go home?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Things can get quite lengthy with the double negative required to describe an action that must be done. When using the casual variations with the negative, you can also omit the \u300c\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\uff0f\u3060\u3081\u300d part of the grammar. This also applies to the \u300c\u3068\u300d conditional.<\/p>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>\u3082\u3063\u3068\u52c9\u5f37<em>\u3057\u306a\u304f\u3061\u3083<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\n(I) have to study more.<\/li>\n<li>\u660e\u65e5\u307e\u3067\u306b\u5bbf\u984c\u3092<em>\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068<\/em>\u3002<br \/>\n(I) have to do homework by tomorrow.<\/li>\n<li>\u3082\u3046<em>\u5e30\u3089\u306a\u304d\u3083<\/em>.<br \/>\n(I) have to go home already.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We learned how to say we don&#8217;t have to do something in the last section but we did not cover how to talk about things that have to be done. Because of the way it&#8217;s phrased in Japanese, the grammar for saying something has to be done is completely different than the grammar for saying &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/complete\/required\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Required actions&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"series":[7],"class_list":["post-512","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-optional-and-required","series-complete-guide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/512","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=512"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/512\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1222,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/512\/revisions\/1222"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=512"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=512"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=512"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}