{"id":514,"date":"2017-10-16T19:51:30","date_gmt":"2017-10-16T23:51:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/?p=514"},"modified":"2017-10-31T17:47:12","modified_gmt":"2017-10-31T21:47:12","slug":"giving-and-receiving","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/complete\/giving_receiving","title":{"rendered":"Giving and Receiving"},"content":{"rendered":"

Giving and receiving whether it’s objects or favors is a bit more complicated in Japanese because you need to be aware of the social status between the giver and the receiver. Basically, there are two words for giving and one word for receiving listed below.<\/p>\n

Vocabulary<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \u3042\u3052\u308b (ru-verb) – to give; to raise<\/li>\n
  2. \u304f\u308c\u308b (ru-verb) – to give<\/li>\n
  3. \u3082\u3089\u3046 (u-verb) – to receive<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    In this section, we’ll look at examples of when to use which words for giving and receiving.<\/p>\n

    Using \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b\u300d to give “upwards”<\/h2>\n

    The word \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b\u300d, which also means to “raise” is used when giving upwards to a person of a higher social status. The important thing to remember is that the speaker is always<\/b> below everybody else. As a result, when the speaker is giving something to somebody else, he\/she must always use \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b\u300d. In other words, when you, yourself, is giving something, you must always use \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b\u300d.<\/p>\n

    Example<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. \u3053\u308c\u3092\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/em>\u3088\u3002
      \n(I’ll) give this to (you).\n<\/li>\n
    2. \u79c1\u306f\u3001\u6628\u65e5\u5f1f\u306b\u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8\u3092\u3042\u3052\u305f<\/em>\u3088\u3002
      \nI gave (my) younger brother (the) present yesterday, you know.<\/li>\n
    3. \u79c1\u304c\u8cb7\u3063\u305f\u98f2\u307f\u7269\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3042\u3052\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/em>\u3088\u3002
      \nI bought (the) drink so (I’m) not going to give it (to you).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Using \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b\u300d to give “downwards”<\/h2>\n

      The word \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b\u300d is used to give downwards to a person of a lower social status. Once again, because the speaker is at the bottom, everything given to<\/b> the speaker will always use \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b\u300d. In other words, everything given to you must be expressed with \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b\u300d.<\/p>\n

      Example<\/h3>\n
        \n
      1. \u305d\u308c\u3092\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/em>\u306e\uff1f
        \n(Are you) giving that to (me)?\n<\/li>\n
      2. \u5f7c\u6c0f\u306f\u3001\u79c1\u306e\u8a95\u751f\u65e5\u306b\u4f55\u3082\u304f\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em>\u3088\uff01
        \n(My) boyfriend didn’t give my anything on my birthday!<\/li>\n
      3. \u3082\u3046\u3059\u3053\u3057\u6642\u9593\u3092\u304f\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/em>\u304b\uff1f
        \nCan (you) give (me) a little more time?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Using \u300c\u3082\u3089\u3046\u300d to receive<\/h2>\n

        There is only one word for receiving something so you don’t have to worry about which one to use.<\/p>\n

        Example<\/h3>\n
          \n
        1. \u53cb\u9054\u304b\u3089\u30c1\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u3082\u3089\u3063\u305f<\/em>\u3002
          \n(I) received (a) ticket from friend.<\/li>\n
        2. \u3082\u3046\u9ad8\u6821\u751f\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4eca\u5e74\u306f\u304a\u5e74\u7389\u3092\u3082\u3089\u3048\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/em>\u3002
          \nBecause (I’m) already (a) high school student, (I) couldn’t receive (the) New Year’s gift.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Comic 14 – \u30d0\u30ec\u30f3\u30bf\u30a4\u30f3\u3068\u30db\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8\u30c7\u30fc<\/h3>\n

          White Day is a holiday a month after Valentine’s day where men who received chocolate are expected to return the favor by giving gifts.<\/p>\n

          \"\u30d0\u30ec\u30f3\u30bf\u30a4\u30f3\"<\/p>\n
          art by Josh Khoo<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
            \n
          1. \u660e\u65e5 \u3010\u3042\u3057\u305f\u3011 – tomorrow<\/li>\n
          2. \u30d0\u30ec\u30f3\u30bf\u30a4\u30f3 – Valentine’s (Day)<\/li>\n
          3. \u4f55 \u3010\u306a\u306b\u3011 – what<\/li>\n
          4. \u30c1\u30e7\u30b3 – chocolate<\/li>\n
          5. \u3042\u3052\u308b (ru-verb) – to give; to raise<\/li>\n
          6. \u7fa9\u7406 \u3010\u304e\u30fb\u308a\u3011 – duty; obligation<\/li>\n
          7. \u304f\u308c\u308b (ru-verb) – to give<\/li>\n
          8. \u3082\u3089\u3046 (u-verb) – to receive<\/li>\n
          9. \u5b09\u3057\u3044 \u3010\u3046\u308c\u30fb\u3057\u3044\u3011 (i-adj) – happy<\/li>\n
          10. \u3044\u3084 – no (casual)<\/li>\n
          11. \u5168\u7136 \u3010\u305c\u3093\u30fb\u305c\u3093\u3011 (adv) – 1) not at all (negative), 2) entirely, completely<\/li>\n
          12. \u305d\u3046 – so<\/li>\n
          13. \u30db\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8\u30c7\u30fc – White Day<\/li>\n
          14. \u7d20\u6575 \u3010\u3059\u30fb\u3066\u304d\u3011 (i-adj) – lovely; splendid<\/li>\n
          15. \u304a\u8fd4\u3057 \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u304b\u3048\u30fb\u3057\u3011 – return gift; return favor<\/li>\n
          16. \u304a\u697d\u3057\u307f \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u305f\u306e\u30fb\u3057\u307f\u3011 – enjoyment, pleasure<\/li>\n
          17. \u304a\u697d\u3057\u307f\u306b\u3059\u308b \u3010\u304a\u30fb\u305f\u306e\u30fb\u3057\u307f\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3011 (exp) – to look forward to<\/li>\n
          18. \u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068 – a little<\/li>\n
          19. \u5f85\u3064 \u3010\u307e\u30fb\u3064\u3011 (u-verb) – to wait<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\uff1a\u660e\u65e5\u306f\u30d0\u30ec\u30f3\u30bf\u30a4\u30f3\u3060\u306d\u3002
            \nJohn: Tomorrow is Valentine, isn’t it?<\/p>\n

            \u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\uff1a\u3060\u304b\u3089\u4f55\uff1f\u30c1\u30e7\u30b3\u306f\u3042\u3052\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u3088\u3002
            \nAlice: So? (I’m) won’t give (you) chocolate.<\/p>\n

            \u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\uff1a\u7fa9\u7406\u30c1\u30e7\u30b3\u3082\u304f\u308c\u306a\u3044<\/em>\u306e\uff1f
            \nJohn: Not even obligatory chocolate?<\/p>\n

            \u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\uff1a\u7fa9\u7406\u30c1\u30e7\u30b3\u3092\u3082\u3089\u3063\u3066<\/em>\u3082\u5b09\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\uff1f
            \nAlice: (You) won’t be happy to get (an) obligatory chocolate, right?<\/p>\n

            \u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\uff1a\u3044\u3084\u3001\u5168\u7136\u5b09\u3057\u3044\u3088\uff1f
            \nJohn: No, (I’ll) be totally happy, you know?<\/p>\n

            \u30a2\u30ea\u30b9\uff1a\u305d\u3046\uff1f\u3058\u3083\u3001\u30db\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8\u30c7\u30fc\u306b\u7d20\u6575\u306a\u304a\u8fd4\u3057\u3092\u304a\u697d\u3057\u307f\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306d\u3002
            \nAlice: Is that so? Ok, (I) will be looking forward to (a) splendid return gift on White Day, then.<\/p>\n

            \u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\uff1a\u3048\u3063\uff1f\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u5f85\u3063\u3066\u3002\u30db\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8\u30c7\u30fc\u3063\u3066\u4f55\uff1f
            \nJohn: Huh? Wait a moment. What’s White Day?<\/p>\n

            <\/p>\n

            Choosing the right words for giving and receiving<\/h2>\n

            Choosing the right words for giving and receiving can be a bit confusing at first so lets look at a few ways to help you decide which word to use for giving and receiving.<\/p>\n

            Deciding between giving and receiving<\/h3>\n

            In English, giving and receiving is simply a difference of viewpoint. For example, “I received a present from John” means practically the same thing as “John gave me a present” The same applies for Japanese as shown in the examples below.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8\u3092\u3082\u3089\u3063\u305f<\/em>\u3002
              \n(I) received present from John.<\/li>\n
            2. \u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8\u3092\u304f\u308c\u305f<\/em>\u3002
              \nJohn gave (me) present.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Translated to English, both sentences essentially mean “John bought present for me”. While the viewpoint is reversed, essentially they are saying the same thing.<\/p>\n

              We don’t have to worry about which word to use for receiving because there is only one. So let’s look at how to decide which word to use for giving.<\/p>\n

              Giving from the speaker’s point of view<\/h3>\n

              The easiest and most common scenario is when you, yourself is the one giving or receiving. As previously mentioned, because the speaker is always at the bottom, he\/she will always use \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b\u300d to give to others and \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b\u300d when others give to the speaker.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \u79c1\u306b\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/em>\u306e\uff1f
                \nAre (you) giving (it) to me?<\/li>\n
              2. \u79c1\u304c\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/em>\u306e\uff1f
                \nI’m giving (it) to you?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Using the same logic, it’s safe to say the following will always be incorrect<\/b> regardless of the social status of the other person.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \u79c1\u306b\u3042\u3052\u308b<\/strike><\/em>\u306e\uff1f<\/li>\n
                2. \u79c1\u304c\u304f\u308c\u308b<\/strike><\/em>\u306e\uff1f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Giving from 3rd person’s point of view<\/h3>\n

                  The only scenario left is when both the giver and receiver is different from the speaker. This is the only ambiguous scenario where either \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b\u300d or \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b\u300d can be used. Basically, the speaker must choose which viewpoint he\/she wants to look at the situation from.<\/p>\n

                  For example, let’s say you wanted to know if \uff21\u3055\u3093 gave \uff22\u3055\u3093 a present. If you were asking \uff21\u3055\u3093, you would use \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b\u300d because you are looking at it from \uff21\u3055\u3093’s perspective as the giver.<\/p>\n

                  \uff21\u3055\u3093\u306f\u3001\uff22\u3055\u3093\u306b\u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8\u3092\u3042\u3052\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b<\/em>\uff1f \uff08Asking \uff21\u3055\u3093\uff09<\/p>\n

                  If you were asking \uff22\u3055\u3093, you would use \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b\u300d because you are looking at it from \uff22\u3055\u3093’s perspective as the receiver.<\/p>\n

                  \uff21\u3055\u3093\u306f\u3001\uff22\u3055\u3093\u306b\u30d7\u30ec\u30bc\u30f3\u30c8\u3092\u304f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b<\/em>\uff1f \uff08Asking \uff22\u3055\u3093\uff09<\/p>\n

                  In summary, deciding which word to use in this scenario can be described in two steps.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Pick a perspective either as the giver or receiver<\/li>\n
                  2. Use \u300c\u3042\u3052\u308b\u300d if from giver’s perspective or \u300c\u304f\u308c\u308b\u300d if from receiver’s perspective (same as if you were the giver)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Giving and receiving whether it’s objects or favors is a bit more complicated in Japanese because you need to be aware of the social status between the giver and the receiver. Basically, there are two words for giving and one word for receiving listed below. Vocabulary \u3042\u3052\u308b (ru-verb) – to give; to raise \u304f\u308c\u308b (ru-verb) … <\/p>\n

                    Continue reading “Giving and Receiving”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"series":[7],"class_list":["post-514","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-optional-and-required","series-complete-guide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/514","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=514"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/514\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1230,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/514\/revisions\/1230"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=514"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=514"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=514"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guidetojapanese.org\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=514"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}